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밀의 질소 이용 효율(NUE) 향상을 위한 최신 연구 동향

홍민정1, 김대연2,*

Recent Advances in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Research in Wheat

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2025;57(3):251-270.
Published online: September 1, 2025

1한국원자력연구원 첨단방사선연구소

2국립공주대학교 식물자원학과

1Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29 Geumgu, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea

2Department of Plant Resources, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Chungnam, 32439, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding to Dae Yeon KimTEL. +82-41-330-1205E-mail. dykim@kongju.ac.kr
• Received: August 5, 2025   • Revised: August 19, 2025   • Accepted: August 19, 2025

Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Determination of Optimal Nitrogen Application Rates to Enhance Heat Stress Tolerance in Autumn Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Using OJIP Transient Analysis
    Tae Seon Eom, Tae Wan Kim, Sung Yung Yoo
    Nitrogen.2026; 7(2): 47.     CrossRef
  • Water and leaf nitrogen use efficiency at photosynthesis in wheat under different conditions of mineral nutrition
    I.M. Sheheda, N.V. Sandetska, D.A. Kiriziy
    Fìzìologìâ roslin ì genetika.2025; 57(5): 426.     CrossRef

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Recent Advances in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Research in Wheat
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(3):251-270.   Published online September 1, 2025
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Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(3):251-270.   Published online September 1, 2025
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Recent Advances in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Research in Wheat
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Fig. 1 Processes contributing to and determining nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. Measures of NUE are shown in grey boxes; primary traits are shown in green boxes; physiological processes are shown in yellow boxes. Arrows indicate the movement of nitrogen within the plant system. Adapted from Hawkesford & Riche (2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01157. NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; NUpE, nitrogen uptake efficiency; NUtE, nitrogen utilization efficiency; NHI, nitrogen harvest index (the fraction of total plant N that is partitioned to the grain); GPC, grain protein concentration (a key trait for processing quality); GPD, grain protein deviation (a measure of deviation from the negative correlation between yield and grain nitrogen concentration).
Recent Advances in Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Research in Wheat

Summary of QTL studies on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including plant materials, traits evaluated, marker information, and candidate genes.

Mapping Population Trait (s) Chromosome (s) N Condition No. of QTLs Notes Reference
Hanxuan10×Lumai14 (DH) Shoot N conc. Plant DW, N accumulation 1A, 2A, 3B,
5A, 6B, 7A
High N,
Low N
34 Trait-specific QTLs detected under N conditions Zhang et al. 2019
Xiaoyan54×Jing411 (RIL) NUE, NUpE,
NUtE, Yield, GPC
2A, 3B, 4A,
5B, 6D, 7A
High N,
Low N, P interaction
117 Strong G×E effect on QTL expression Xu et al. 2014
Arche×Recital (meta-QTL) NUE, Grain yield 2A, 2B, 3A, 4B, 5A, 6A, 7A Multi-
environment
11 Cross-population meta-analysis of conserved QTLs Quraishi et al. 2011
Chinese Spring×SQ1 (RIL) Flag leaf GS activity, Grain N 2A (GS2),
4A (GSr)
Standard N 18 GS activity co-localized with grain N QTLs Habash et al. 2007
Svevo×Ciccio (RIL) Grain protein content (GPC) 2A (Fd-GOGAT-A) Multi-
environment
1 (major) Fd-GOGAT-A co-localized with GPC QTL at GWM-339 Nigro et al. 2014

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including plant materials, SNP chips, traits, marker positions, and associated genes.

Plant Material SNP
Chip
Trait (s)
Evaluated
Marker (s) Candidate Gene (s) Highlighted Notable Findings Reference
132 bread wheat cultivars Wheat
55K
SNP
thousand kernel weight,
kernel number,
kernel weight,
kernel diameter ratio
(under LN & HN)
AX-111466887 (1B), AX-110556510 (1D), AX-109775854 (2D), AX-109011587 (4B), AX-111118530 (6B), AX-111701566 (6B), AX-110903292 (1D), AX-109303193 (3B), AX-110468887 (4A), AX-110435301 (6D), AX-109860096 (7B), AX-111690659 (7B), AX-109877164 (7B), AX-108855171 (7D), AX-111691122 (7D), AX-110046649 (2B), AX-108822639 (5A), AX-108888152 (5A), AX-109010605 (6D), AX-109937751 (6D) GS2-D1 (near AX-109775854), SRS5, OsCKX2 eg. 20 loci including 10 stable QTL Zhang et al. 2020
120 Chinese local winter wheat varieties 90K
SNP
array
Plant height,
spike length,
internode lengths, lodging resistance strength
QPH.sdau-3A.1 (3A), Qdelt_aver_PH-5B, Qdelt_aver_FIVILT.sdau
-3A.2 (3A),
QLRS.sdau-5B (5B)
cytochrome P450, UDP- glycosyltransferase 86 QTLs detected in CK/LN conditions
18 QTLs responsive
to Low-N
3A, 4B, 5B QTLs linked with NUE-related internode control
Xing et al. 2022
204 bread wheat accessions 55K
Wheat iSelect
SNP
Root/shoot biomass,
root length, R:S ratio, fresh/dry weight traits
AX-89398511 (4D), AX-110026721 (2A), AX-109621732 (2B), AX-111672733 (2B), AX-94559451 (2B), AX-109517098 (3B), AX-109741930 (6D), AX-108966945 (6D), AX-108962141 (1B), AX-108847203 (1A), AX-111170306 (1A), AX-109815802 (4B), AX-109327593 (4B), AX-94875830 (6D) NRT1, MYB93, trehalose-6-P synthase, serine/threonine kinase eg. Differences in SNP
distribution among HN, NN, and LN conditions; identification of 1,717 candidate genes; discovery of various nitrogen-responsive genes
Hu et al. 2023
389 Chinese winter wheat 660K
SNP
array
seedling-stage traits
plant height, root length, leaf length, leaf width, number of roots, fresh weight, and dry weight
(leaf, root)
qPDWR4B.1 (4B) TaBOX (F-box protein) Favorable haplotype Hap1 under Low-N; chlorate sensitivity GWAS introduced Shi et al. 2024

Transcriptomic (RNA-seq) studies related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including experimental conditions, differential gene expression, candidate genes, and functional insights.

Plant Material Samples Candidated
Pathway
Candidate Gene (s) Highlighted Notable Findings Reference
Australian bread wheat 3 cultivars
(Mace: high, Spitfire: medium, Volcani:
low NUE)
Leaf (2nd leaf)
& grain tissues sampled at 0 DPA, 10 DPA under high N (100 kg N ha⁻1) vs low N (0 kg
N ha⁻1)
Photosynthesis,
Steroid biosynthesis, Amino acid metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism, Secondary metabolite biosynthesis
Glutamine synthetase, NRT1/PTR family 1.1, RADIALIS-like TF, Sulfate transporter, MYB TF The high NUE cultivar Mace upregulates RAD-like TF and represses stress-related genes.
Spitfire and Volcani showed strong responses in photosynthesis-related and protein transport genes.
Sultana et al. 2020
Near-isogenic lines (NILs): 1Y (high NUE), 1W (low NUE), genetic background P7001×P216 Flag leaf sampled at anthesis stage under N0 (0 kg N/ha) and N1 (300 kg N/ha) Glutathione metabolism, MAPK signaling, Nitrate assimilation (NR, GS, GOGAT), NRT, AMT 103 frontloaded genes, 43 relatively upregulated genes in 1Y (NRTs, AMTs, GS, GOGAT) 1Y showed higher NR, GS, and GOGAT activity than 1W. The number of frontloaded genes in 1Y was 2.28 times greater. Zhang et al. 2021b
Two wheat cultivars: Zhoumai 27 (ZM27, high NUE) and Aikang 58 (AK58, low NUE) grown in field for
2 years
Flag leaf samples collected at flowering stage (Z6) under three N regimes (Low, Moderate, High) Photosynthesis,
C/N metabolism,
N remobilization, assimilate partitioning, translation, amino acid/protein metabolism
Up-regulated in ZM27: psbP, psaF, Rubisco subunits, SPS, SUS, SUT, GDH1, AAP6, ANT1L, OPT4-like. Down-regulated: NRT2.4 ZM27 showed higher NUE, NUpE, and NUtE under all N levels.
Transcriptomic/proteomic data revealed enhanced C/N metabolism and transport in flag leaves, enabling efficient N partitioning to grains
Meng et al. 2021
Two bread wheat cultivars: PBW677 (N-efficient) and PBW703 (N-inefficient) Root and shoot tissues under N-control (120 kg/ha) and N-stress (0 kg/ha) Nitrate transport (NRT1), amino acid metabolism,
glutamate synthesis, photorespiration, carbon metabolism, stress signaling (MAPK, TFs)
NRT1, MYB, WRKY, zinc finger, glutamate synthase, AAP, asparagine synthase, GST, CYP450, ABC transporters PBW677 showed higher DEG count and stronger expression in NUE-related genes and stress responses; 13 candidate genes proposed for NUE breeding Kaur et al. 2022
Wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’; hydroponic system 12-day low nitrogen (3.2 mM) vs. normal nitrogen (16 mM) treatment on
roots and shoots
Nitrate signaling (NRT1.1), transcription factors (MYB, NLP6/7, BT1/2), protein kinases (SnRK2, CIPK8/23, CPKs); GO: nitrate assimilation, phosphorylation NRT1.1, NLP6/7, CPK10/30/32, BT1/2, HRS1/HHO1, LBD37/38/39 five hub TFs identified via WGCNA: TraesCS4B01G299400, TraesCS4B01G299500, TraesCS2A01G281200, TraesCS4D01G298400, TraesCS2B01G298600 Roots and shoots showed opposite DEG expression patterns under LN
Key Transcription factors and protein kinase families showed tissue-specific regulation.
Wang et al. 2024
Table 1 Summary of QTL studies on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including plant materials, traits evaluated, marker information, and candidate genes.

DH: doubled haploid; RIL: recombinant inbred line; NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; NUpE: nitrogen uptake efficiency; NUtE: nitrogen utilization efficiency; GPC: grain protein content; GS: glutamine synthetase; Fd-GOGAT: ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase; QTL: quantitative trait locus; G×E: genotype-by-environment interaction.

Table 2 Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including plant materials, SNP chips, traits, marker positions, and associated genes.
Table 3 Transcriptomic (RNA-seq) studies related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in wheat, including experimental conditions, differential gene expression, candidate genes, and functional insights.