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제초제 저항성 Ab벼와 해충저항성 Bt벼의 성분분석

Composition Analysis of Herbicide Tolerant Ab Rice and Insect-Resistant Bt Rice

So-Young Lee, Yunsoo Yeo, Soo-Yun Park, Seon-Woo Oh, Eun Kyung Yoon, Kong-Sik Shin, Hee-Jong Woo, Myung-Ho Lim*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2015;47(3):255-263.
Published online: August 31, 2015

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*Corresponding author (mlim312@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-4705, Fax: +82-+82-63-238-4704)
• Received: August 6, 2015   • Revised: September 7, 2015   • Accepted: September 8, 2015

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  • In order to assess the substantial equivalence of two varieties of genetically modified rice, herbicide-tolerant Ab rice and the insect-resistant Bt rice, to the non-GM Dongjin-byeo cultivar. We analyzed the compositions and contents of the proximate, amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, vitamins, and anti-nutrients in their unpolished grains using t-test (p<0.05). A comparison of fatty acids compositions showed that the levels of stearic acid and arachidonic acid in Ab rice and those of myristic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and gadoleic acid in Bt rice were different significantly from the corresponding levels in Dongjin-byeo. Vitamin content did not differ between Bt and Dongjin-byeo, but the content of vitamins B1, B7, and E in Ab rice differed from that in Dongjin-byeo. Iron content in Ab and Bt rice was 2 times higher than that in Dongjin-byeo, although it was within the reference range set by Codex. The amount of the anti-nutrient trypsin inhibitor was 0.1 TIU/mg in the unpolished grain of all three rice varieties examined. Of the 47 components analyzed, 17 were significantly different among the three rice varieties; however, most of these differences were within the Codex reference range for commercial rice. Overall, it was confirmed that both Bt and Ab rice are substantially equivalent to the Dongjin-byeo and other commercial varieties of rice.
세계 주요 식량작물이자 우리나라의 주식(主食)인 벼 (Oryza sativa L.)는 일반성분뿐만 아니라 다양한 기능성 성 분들이 함유되어 있다. 벼에는 3대 영양소인 탄수화물, 단백 질, 지방이 함유되어 있으며 이외 무기질, 비타민, 식이섬유 등이 함유되어 인간에게 필요한 에너지를 공급해 준다(Choe et al. 2002). 이중 비타민은 물질대사 및 생리작용을 조절해 주는 역할을 하며 체내에서 합성이 되지 않거나 극소량만 합 성되어 식품을 통해 섭취해야 결핍증상을 예방할 수 있다(Lee et al. 2015). 벼는 다른 곡류에 비해 영양학적으로 우수하며 비만과 당뇨병, 혈중 콜레스테롤을 저하시키는 효과가 있다 (Son 2001). 하나의 예로 서양의 주식인 감자, 옥수수, 식빵 등에 비해 우리의 주식인 벼를 섭취하였을 때 식후 혈당 및 인슐린 반응의 변화에서 완만하게 증가하는 경향이 나타났다 (Crapo et al. 1977). 이렇듯 기존 벼보다 특정 영양성분이 강 화되거나 지구 온난화 및 병해충에 저항성을 지닌 유전자를 도입한 유전자변형식물체 GM (Genetically Modified) 벼가 많이 개발되고 있다.
기존 육종에 의한 품종개발이 아닌 동‧식물 또는 미생물 등 의 유용한 유전자를 인위적으로 활용하여 목적한 특성을 갖도 록 하는 유전자재조합기술로 만들어진 작물을 유전자변형생 물체(genetically modified organism; GMO)라고 하며, 이러 한 형질전환식물체는 적은 노동력과 생산비 절감으로 수확량 을 높일 수 있어 미래의 식량문제를 해결할 수 있는 방안으로 급부상하고 있다(Woo et al. 2014). 이뿐만 아니라 농약사용 을 줄일 수 있으며 탄소배출 감소, 바이오 연료, 농가 소득증 대 등 중남미와 아시아 지역에서 빠르게 확산되어 GMO의 개 발 및 재배는 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다(Graham & Barfoot 2009). 식용 및 농업용 LMO (Living Modified Organisms; LMO) 수입이 2008년 8,572천 톤에서 2014년 10,821천 톤으 로 증가하였고, 식용 LMO 수입은 2008년 1,553천 톤에서 2014년에는 2배에 가까운 2,283천 톤으로 증가했다(한국바이 오안전성정보센터, 식용‧농업용 LMO 수입 승인 현황). 이렇 듯 해마다 증가하고 있는 LMO 이용으로 안전성에 대한 의문 이나 불안을 안전성 평가를 통하여 객관적 자료로 제시하고자 한다.
본 연구에서 사용한 Ab벼는 bar 유전자가 삽입되어 제초 제의 일종인 바스타에 저항성을 갖으며, 벼에서 bar 유전자는 형질전환 선발 마커로 사용되는 경우가 대부분이다(Won et al. 2004). 바스타저항성 유전자인 bar는 배추(Cho et al. 2001), 밀(Nehra et al. 1994), 감자(Eliseu et al. 1994) 등의 작물에 도입하여 현재 형질전환작물에 널리 이용되고 있다. 해충저항성 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)는 국제적인 미생물 분 류 기준에 의해 비병원성 세균으로 살충성을 갖고 있어서 1961년 이후 상업적 농경, 삼림과 모기 방제를 위해 생물 농 약으로 사용되어 왔다. 살충효과는 농작물 및 채소작물의 특 정 해충 군에 특이적이며, 결정성 내독소 단백질(Crystal)에 의해 보고되어졌다(Schnepf & Whiteley, 1981). 이러한 Bt를 살포한 작물은 현재까지 인체나 포유류에 무해한 것으로 알려 졌으며, 미국환경보건국(Environmental Protection Agency; EPA)에 의하면 Bt 작물은 환경이나 인간 건강에 어떠한 위해 요소도 보이지 않는 것으로 보고하였다(Betz et al. 2000; Mendelson et al. 2003).
본 연구는 미생물로부터 유래된 해충 저항성 Bt 유전자의 주요 살충성을 작물에 적합하도록 조절한 modified Cry1Ac1 유전자 및 bar 유전자를 도입한 Bt벼와 제초제저항성 bar 유 전자를 도입한 Ab벼, 그리고 이들의 모본인 동진벼를 대상으 로 2004년에 경제협력개발기구(OECD)에서 제시한 표준기술 서를 바탕으로 비교 분석하여 GM과 non-GM 작물간의 주요 성분 조성에 차이가 있는지를 비교 분석하였다.
해충저항성 Bt벼 및 제초제저항성 Ab벼 선발 및 증식
공시재료인 해충저항성 Bt벼는 토양세균 Bacillus thuringiensis 유래의 살충성 단백질 유전자인 Cry1Ac1의 변형된 형태인 mCry1Ac1 유전자(GeneBank ID: AY126450)를 동진 벼에 도입하여 형질전환하였다. 형질전환벡터는 rbcS3 유전 자의 프로모터와 PinII 유전자의 3’-UTR에 의하여 발현이 조 절되도록 제작(prbcS3::TP::mCry1Ac1::3’PinII) 되었고, 선 발마커는 제초제 바스타 저항성 bar 유전자(pCaMV35S::bar ::3’nos)를 이용하였다. 한편, 제초제 저항성 Ab벼에 사용된 형질전환벡터는 바스타 저항성 유전자 bar를 CaMV 35S 프 로모터와 nos 유전자의 3’-UTR에 의하여 발현이 조절되도록 구성(pCaMV35S::bar::3’nos)하였다. 이들 두 형질전환벡터 는 Agrobacterium 공동배양으로 동진벼에 형질전환 하였고, 캘러스의 재분화를 통한 형질전환 개체 증식은 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 따라 수행되었다. 선발 및 증식 과정을 거쳐 본 실험에 사용된 Bt벼와 Ab벼는 국립식량과학원 GMO 격리포장(경기도 수원시 서둔동)에서 표준재배법에 의하여 수 행하여다.
벼 시료 전처리
시료는 Ab벼와 Bt벼, 그리고 이들의 모품종인 동진벼 (Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica cv. Dongjin)를 사용하여 품종 간 성분을 비교하고자 품종당 5반복으로 채취하였다. 채취한 종자는 건조 후 제현기(Satake rice machine Type, Satake Engineering Co., Tokyo, Japan)로 왕겨를 제거하고 현미로 제조하였다. 현미는 유성형볼밀(Pulverisette 6, Fritsch, Idar- Oberstein, Germany)로 분쇄하여 – 80°C에서 보관하였다.
일반성분 분석
시료에 함유된 수분, 조회분, 조지방 및 조단백질의 함량은 식품공전 중 일반성분 분석법에 따라 분석하였다(KFDA 2011). 수분함량은 105°C 상압건조법, 조회분은 600°C에서 직접회화법(AOAC 2005a)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 조지방은 AOAC (2000a)방법으로 Soxhlet 추출기(Soxtec System HT 1043 extraction ulit, Foss Tecator, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) 를 사용하여 diethyl ether로 추출하여 정량하였으며, 조단백 질은 semimicro-Kjeldahl (AOAC 2005b)법을 사용하여 단백 질 자동분석기(Kjeltec 2400 Auto, Foss Tecator, Eden Prairie, MN, USA)로 분석하였다. 전분은 Starch assay kit (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)를 사용하여 정량하였으며, 탄수화물 함 량은 다음 계산을 사용하여 추정하였다.
탄수화물(%) = 100 – (조단백질%+조지방%+조회분%)
아미노산 분석
식품공전의 방법(AOAC 2005d)에 따라 아미노산 함량을 측정하였다. 시료를 일정량 취하여 6N HCl 용액을 가하고 질 소가스를 주입한 후 110°C에서 24시간 동안 가수분해 시켰 다. 이 후 로타리 증발기를 사용하여 HCl을 제거하고 증류수 로 3회 세척하여 감압농축 하였고, sodium citrate buffer (pH 2.2)로 용해한 후 아미노산 자동분석기(Amino Acid Analyser L-8500A, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 분석하였다.
무기물 분석
무기물(Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Na, Zn, S)함량은 식품공전 의 방법(AOAC 2000b)에 따라 질산을 이용한 습식분해법을 이용하여 시료를 분해하였다. 사용된 기기는 ICP-OES (Integra XL Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer, GBC Co., Melbourne, Australia)로 분석하였다.
지방산 분석
AOCS (1997b)에 따라 지방산을 추출하였다. 분쇄된 시료 100 mg에 내부표준물질(pentadecanoic aicd) 1 mg/ml와 CHCl3 : MeOH (2:1 v:v) 2.5 ml을 첨가하여 20분 동안 초음 파 분해 후 0.58% NaCl 수용액 2.5 ml을 혼합하여 4°C에서 13,000 rpm에 5분 동안 원심분리 하였다. 하층액 2.5 ml을 취 하여 질소가스로 농축한 후 toluene 0.1 ml와 5N NaOH 0.02 ml, MeOH 0.18 ml을 넣고 85°C 항온수조에 약 5분간 반응 시켰다. 반응 후 0.3 ml의 14% boron trifluoride를 첨가하고 다시 85°C 항온수조에 5분간 반응시킨 후 냉각시켰다. 증류 수 0.4 ml와 pentane 0.8 ml를 넣고 용해한 후 gas chromatograph (GC; GC 2010, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)로 측정하 였다.
비타민(B1, B2, B3, B7, E) 분석
비타민 B1 (Thiamine) 함량분석을 위해 분쇄된 시료 100 mg에 0.1N HCl용액을 넣고 80°C 항온수조에서 30분간 추출 하였다. 추출 후 냉각시키고 2N sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) 0.3 ml와 H2O 0.2 ml를 혼합하여 4°C에서 13,000 rpm 으로 5분 동안 원심분리 하였다. 상층액 0.4 ml에 NaOH로 용해한 1% potassium ferricyanide 0.3 ml를 넣고 1분 동안 상온에 두었다. 그리고 3.75N HCl 0.3 ml를 첨가한 후 Sep-Pak C18 cartridge를 사용하여 추출하였다. 그리고 2 ml 의 0.005 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0)로 세척한 후 MeOH : 0.005M ammonium acetate (6:4 v:v)용액 2 ml로 용출하였다. 이를 여과한 후 High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC; LC-20A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)로 분석 하였다.
비타민 B2 (Riboflavin) 분석은 분쇄된 시료 100 mg에 H2O 1 ml를 첨가한 후 78°C 항온수조에서 20분 동안 추출하 였다. 이후 냉각시켜 4°C에서 15,000 rpm으로 10분 동안 원 심분리하고 상층액을 여과한 후 HPLC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan)로 분석하였다.
비타민 B3 (Niacin)과 E (α-tocopherol)은 Kim et al. (2011, 2012b)가 제안한 방법에 따라 추출액을 N-Methyl-N- (trimethylsilyl) triifluoroacetamide (MSTFA)로 유도체화하 여 GC time-of-flight mass spectrometry로 분석하였다.
비타민 B7 (Biotin)은 분쇄된 시료에 0.1% H3PO4 용액을 첨가하여 30분간 초음파 분해하여 추출하고, 4°C에서 15,000 rpm으로 10분 동안 원심분리를 한 후 상층액을 여과하여 HPLC로 측정하였다.
Phytic acid 분석
Phytic acid의 함량은 분쇄된 시료 250 mg에 2.4% HCl 5 ml를 첨가하여 2시간 동안 초음파 분해하여 분석하였다. 이 후 4°C에서 9,000 rpm으로 20분 동안 원심분리 후 상등액을 25배 희석하였다. 음이온교환컬럼(AG-1-X8) 크로마토그래피 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA)를 사용하여 추출하였다. 간섭 하는 화합물과 무기인산은 0.1 M NaCl 10 ml와 H2O 10 ml 의 순서로 세척하여 제거하였다. 결합한 phytate를 0.7 M NaCl 30 ml로 용출하고, 용출한 부분표본 1.5 ml에 0.5 ml Wada reagent [0.03% iron (III) chloride, 0.3% sulfosalicylic acid]를 넣어 반응시켰다. Salicylate-Fe (III) 복합체의 흡광도 는 분광광도계(Backman Coulter, USA)를 사용하여 500nm 에서 확인하였다. Phytate의 농도는 sodium phytate (0-100 1 g/ml; Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakcille, ON, Canada)에서 얻 어 표준곡선으로 계산하였다.
Trypsin inhibitor
AOCS (1997a)방법을 사용하여 Trypsin inhibitor 측정을 하였으며, 분쇄된 시료 500 mg에 0.01N NaOH 10 ml를 첨 가하여 3시간 동안 초음파분해 하였다. 이후 4°C에서 13,000 rpm으로 10분 동안 원심분리하고 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 ml씩 분주하여 최종 1 ml이 되도록 물로 희석하였다. 0.001 M HCl 에 녹인 trypsin을 1 ml 첨가하고, 합성기질 BAPA (Benzoyl- DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride) 2.5 ml를 넣어 37°C에서 10분 동안 항온수조에서 반응시켰다. 30% acetic acid용액을 0.5 ml 넣어 반응을 정지시키고, 여과액의 흡광도 를 410 nm에서 측정하였다. Trypsin 억제제의 1단위는 0.01 trypsin을 통해 BAPA 소화 흡광도 판독으로 감소한 억제제 의 양을 정의하였다.
통계처리
GM벼와 대조 벼 동진의 영양성분 함량의 동등성 검정에 대한 통계는 SAS 9.2 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)를 사용하여 t-test로 p<0.05 수준에서 검정하였다.
현재 한국에서는 안전성 검증을 마쳐 상용화가 허가된 유 전자변형작물이 없지만 최근 유전적으로 변형된 작물의 개발 이 증가함에 따라 GM작물에 대한 안전성 평가를 집중적으로 해야 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 평가를 통해 소비자에게 안전성 을 제공함과 동시에 국내 자연생태환경의 교란 및 파괴를 예 방하고, 국민보건 증진 및 자연생태환경을 보전할 수 있으며, 이를 위해 철저한 검증과정을 거쳐야 한다(Kim & Kim 2003).
본 연구에서는 GM 벼와 그 모본인 동진벼는 성분함량의 차이를 고려하여 실질적 동등성 평가를 하였다. 먼저 형질전 환 모본으로 사용된 동진벼와 비교하고, 통계적 차이가 나타 나는 성분들은 OECD 표준 기술서 및 국내 일반 상업화 품종 에서 제시한 일반 벼의 영양성분 데이터를 비교하여 평균 함 량범위에 포함되는 경우 실질적 동등성이 있는 것으로 판단하 였다.
이를 토대로 분석한 결과 지방산의 경우 대조구인 동진벼 와 비교할 때 Ab벼는 stearic acid 및 arachidonic acid에서, Bt벼는 myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid 및 gadoleic acid가 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 비타민 류에서는 Bt벼와 동진벼 간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면 Ab 벼의 비타민 B1, B7, E에서 모본과 차이를 보였으며, 무기물 중 철분은 모본인 동진벼와 유전자 변형 벼(Ab, Bt) 사이에 약 2배의 차이를 나타내었지만 codex 범위 내에 존재하였다. 트립신 저해제는 시료 모두에서 0.1 TIU/mg 미만으로 극소량 으로 검출되었다.
일반성분 함량
Table 1에서는 형질전환(Ab, Bt)벼와 모본인 비 형질전환 (동진)벼의 일반성분인 조회분, 조지방, 조단백질, 전분, 탄수 화물의 함량을 비교한 것이다. 조회분 함량은 3종 모두 OECD 범위(1.0 – 1.5%) 내에 있었으며, 형질전환 벼들의 조 지방은 Ab벼 1.72%, Bt벼 1.74%로 OECD 범위(1.6 – 2.8%) 내에 존재하였다. 그리고 조단백질은 OECD 범위보다 값이 전체적으로 낮게, 탄수화물은 높게 측정 되었으나 Lee et al. (2014)에 제시된 상업화 품종 범위(5.22 – 6.34%, 89.89 – 92.03%) 내에 존재하였고, 전분은 Ab벼 66.79%, Bt벼 64.77%로 OECD (66.4%)와 모품종인 동진벼(69.01%), 그리 고 Lee et al. (2014)에서 연구한 낙동벼(63.87%) 사이의 값 을 나타내었다. 본 실험의 t-test결과 일반성분은 모품종인 동 진벼와 형질전환(Ab, Bt)벼에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.
Table 1.
Analysis of equivalence of proximate measured in brown rice.
Table 1.
Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Ash, % dw 1.14 ± 0.04 yes 1.16 ± 0.10 yes 1.17 ± 0.05 1.0–1.5
Lipid, % dw 1.72 ± 0.19 yes 1.74 ± 0.15 yes 1.58 ± 0.11 1.6–2.8
Protein, % dw 5.69 ± 0.31 yes 5.45 ± 0.32 yes 5.64 ± 0.12 7.1–8.3
Starch, % dw 66.79 ± 3.60 yes 64.77 ± 1.65 yes 69.01 ± 5.20 66.4
Carbohydratesw, % dw 91.44 ± 0.23 yes 91.65 ± 0.38 yes 91.61 ± 0.21 87.4–90.3

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

wEstimate of Carbohydrates: %carbohydrates=100-(%protein+%lipid+%ash)

아미노산 조성
제초제 저항성 Ab벼와 해충저항성 Bt벼, 그리고 이들의 모 본인 동진벼의 현미에서 17가지 아미노산 조성을 비교한 결 과는 Table 2에 나타내었다. 구성 아미노산 중 벼3종 모두에 서 glutamic acid 함량이 Ab벼 17.04%, Bt벼 17.05%, 동진벼 17.59%로 가장 높았으며, aspartic acid가 그 다음으로 많이 검출 되며 주로 산성 아미노산의 함량이 높게 측정된 것을 확 인할 수 있었다. t-test 결과 중 Ab벼에서는 cysteine, Bt벼에 서는 glycine과 methinonine에서 모본과 유의적인 차이가 나 타났다. 차이를 보이는 성분 중 Ab벼의 cysteine (2.4%)은 OECD 범위(2.2 – 2.4%)에 속하며, Bt벼의 glycine (4.51%)은 Park et al. (2015)에서 제시한 상업화 품종 4.35 – 4.76%의 범주 안에 존재하였고 methionine (2.56%)은 OECD (2.3, 2.5%)와 모본인 동진벼(2.66%)의 사이 값에 존재했다.
Table 2.
Analysis of equivalence of amino acid measured in brown rice.
Table 2.
Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Alanine 5.83 ± 0.19 yes 5.73 ± 0.13 yes 5.79 ± 0.20 5.8
Arginine 7.70 ± 0.20 yes 7.35 ± 0.23 yes 7.66 ± 0.35 8.5–10.5
Aspartic acid 9.47 ± 0.29 yes 9.03 ± 0.19 yes 9.24 ± 0.16 9.0, 9.5
Cysteine 2.40 ± 0.08 no 2.49 ± 0.05 yes 2.57 ± 0.06 2.2–2.4
Glutamic acid 17.04 ± 0.50 yes 17.05 ± 0.49 yes 17.59 ± 0.32 16.9, 17.6
Glycine 4.69 ± 0.15 yes 4.51 ± 0.08 no 4.68 ± 0.10 4.7, 4.8
Histidine 2.24 ± 0.06 yes 2.13 ± 0.06 yes 2.20 ± 0.12 2.4, 2.6
Isoleucine 3.14 ± 0.03 yes 3.11 ± 0.12 yes 3.20 ± 0.13 3.6–4.6
Leucine 7.48 ± 0.16 yes 7.38 ± 0.24 yes 7.66 ± 0.26 8.3–8.9
Lysine 3.65 ± 0.10 yes 3.62 ± 0.11 yes 3.64 ± 0.12 3.9, 4.3
Methionine 2.61 ± 0.08 yes 2.56 ± 0.05 no 2.66 ± 0.02 2.3, 2.5
Phenylalanine 4.82 ± 0.08 yes 4.66 ± 0.10 yes 4.75 ± 0.07 5.0, 5.3
Proline 4.04 ± 0.10 yes 3.90 ± 0.20 yes 4.16 ± 0.17 4.8, 5.1
Serine 5.32 ± 0.21 yes 5.24 ± 0.12 yes 5.36 ± 0.06 4.8–5.8
Threonine 3.86 ± 0.10 yes 3.86 ± 0.09 yes 3.87 ± 0.10 3.9–4.0
Tyrosine 4.19 ± 0.09 yes 3.93 ± 0.27 yes 4.18 ± 0.21 3.8–4.6
Valine 5.25 ± 0.09 yes 5.06 ± 0.05 yes 5.10 ± 0.17 5.0–6.6

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

무기질 함량
제초제(Ab) 및 해충(Bt) 저항성 GM벼와 그 모본인 non-GM 동진벼의 무기질 함량에 대한 분석결과는 Table 3과 같다. 무 기질 조성은 동일 품종이라도 재배지의 토양 및 비료, 살충제, 제초제 등에 의해 영향이 나타날 수 있다고 보고된바 있다 (Heinemann et al. 2005, Parengam et al. 2010). 본 연구는 공통적으로 철분(iron)에서 Ab벼 9.8 μg/g, Bt벼 9.35 μg/g, 동진벼 5.98 μg/g로 t-test 결과 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고, 이외 Ab벼의 아연(zinc, 23.16 μg/g)과 Bt벼의 칼륨(potassium, 2.49 mg/g)에서도 모본과 차이를 보였지만 무기질 함량의 결 과값 모두 OECD 범위 내에 있음을 확인하였다. 모본인 동진 과 유의적인 차이를 나타내는 GM (Ab, Bt)과 non-GM(동진) 의 철분(iron)의 함량은 OECD 기준범위 안에 포함되었지만 그 값의 차이가 모본과 약 2배정도 나타난 것에 따른 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.
Table 3.
Analysis of equivalence of minerals measured in brown rice.
Table 3.
Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Copper (μg/g) 6.35 ± 2.03 yes 4.34 ± 0.70 yes 4.84 ± 0.63 1–7
Iron (μg/g) 9.80 ± 2.30 no 9.35 ± 0.33 no 5.98 ± 1.20 2–60
Zinc (μg/g) 23.16 ± 3.56 no 18.38 ± 2.39 yes 18.22 ± 1.36 7–33
Sodium (μg/g) 166.19 ± 155.84 yes 289.78 ± 165.11 yes 264.38 ± 107.72 20–400
Calcium (mg/g) 0.10 ± 0.02 yes 0.13 ± 0.01 yes 0.12 ± 0.01 0.1–0.6
Sulfer (mg/g) 0.78 ± 0.03 yes 0.82 ± 0.03 yes 0.80 ± 0.05 0.3–2.2
Magnesium (mg/g) 0.82 ± 0.10 yes 0.88 ± 0.03 yes 0.80 ± 0.09 0.2–1.7
Potassium (mg/g) 2.18 ± 0.12 yes 2.49 ± 0.32 no 2.05 ± 0.23 0.7–3.2
Phosphorus (mg/g) 2.62 ± 0.13 yes 2.68 ± 0.11 yes 2.44 ± 0.20 2-5

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

지방산 조성
Gas Chromatography (GC)로 분석한 Ab, Bt, 동진 벼의 8 가지 지방산 조성을 Table 4에 나타내었고, 자료는 OECD (2004) 결과를 활용할 수 없어 국내 상업화 품종의 분석 자료 를 참고했다. Oleic acid (C18:1), Linoleic aicd (C18:2), Palmitic acid (C16:0)가 분석한 지방산의 90% 이상 대부분 을 차지하였으며, 이외 다른 지방산들은 소량 검출되어 기존 의 연구(Lee et al. 2013, Lee et al. 2014)와 동일한 경향을 보였다. 또한 t-test결과 GM과 non-GM간의 유의적인 차이가 확인되었으며 이 중 제초제 저항성인 Ab벼의 Stearic acid (C18:0), Arachidonic acid (C20:0)와 해충 저항성인 Bt벼의 Myristic acid (C14:0), Palmitic acid (C16:0), Oleic acid (C18:1), Linoleic acid (C18:2), Gadoleic acid (C20:1)에서 유의적인 차이가 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 GM벼 중에서도 Ab벼보다 Bt벼에서 더 많은 지방산 성분들이 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 이 유의적인 차이는 GM과 non-GM간 비교에서의 차이이며, 우리나라 일반 상업화 품종(Kim et al. 2013, Kyoun et al. 2006, Park et al. 2012)의 지방산 함량 범위 안에 있었다.
Table 4.
Analysis of equivalence of fatty acid measured in brown rice.
Table 4.
Component GM Non-GM Korean ricex
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.34 ± 0.03 yes 0.26 ± 0.02 no 0.32 ± 0.04 0.22–0.50
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 17.73 ± 0.23 yes 17.89 ± 0.23 no 17.52 ± 0.22 16.62–22.04
Stearic acid (C18:0) 2.35 ± 0.09 no 2.27 ± 0.16 yes 2.16 ± 0.08 0.75–2.76
Oleic acid (C18:1) 39.61 ± 1.26 yes 38.33 ± 0.46 no 39.24 ± 0.53 35.98–44.23
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 37.32 ± 1.13 yes 38.76 ± 0.32 no 38.27 ± 0.33 31.10–42.66
Linolenic acid (C18:3) 1.52 ± 0.03 yes 1.53 ± 0.10 yes 1.47 ± 0.06 0.83–3.36
Arachidonic acid (C20:0) 0.66 ± 0.02 no 0.54 ± 0.01 yes 0.54 ± 0.05 0.44–0.76
Gadoleic acid (C20:1) 0.48 ± 0.01 yes 0.42 ± 0.01 no 0.47 ± 0.02 0.35–0.60

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

xReference of korean rice: Kim et al. (2013), Kyoun et al. (2006), and Park et al. (2012)

비타민 함량
GM과 non-GM 벼의 현미에서 vitamin B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B7 (Biotin), E (α-tocopherol)를 분 석한 결과는 Table 5에 나타내었다. 전체적으로 동진벼와 Bt 벼는 비슷한 함량을 보이며 t-test결과 유의성이 나타나지 않 은 반면 Ab벼와 동진벼 사이에는 비타민 B1, B7, E에서 차이 를 보였다. Ab벼의 vitamin B1 (2.94 μg/g)과 vitamin E (11.89 μg/g)는 OECD 범위 내(2.9 – 6.1 μg/g, 9 – 25 μg/g)에 있었으며 vitamin B7은(2.2 μg/100g) Park et al. (2015)에서 제시한 상업화 품종벼(2.00 – 7.84 μg/100g) 범위 내에 있었 다. 하지만 상업화 품종 벼 또는 OECD 범위 안에 포함되더 라도 제초제저항성 Ab벼에서만 나타난 모본 동진벼의 유의적 차이는 고민해 볼 필요가 있다.
Table 5.
Analysis of equivalence of vitamin and anti-nutrients measured in brown rice.
Table 5.
Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Vitamin B1 (μg/g) 2.94 ± 0.21 no 2.62 ± 0.12 yes 2.56 ± 0.11 2.9–6.1
Vitamin B2 (μg/g) 0.51 ± 0.03 yes 0.52 ± 0.04 yes 0.53 ± 0.03 0.4–1.4
Vitamin B3 (μg/g) 44.68 ± 2.00 yes 48.17 ± 2.87 yes 45.88 ± 1.84 35–53
Vitamin B7 (μg/100g) 2.20 ± 0.04 no 2.60 ± 0.07 yes 2.68 ± 0.34 4–10
Vitamin E (μg/g) 11.89 ± 1.18 no 14.19 ± 2.33 yes 14.72 ± 1.40 9–25
Phytic acid (%) 1.05 ± 0.03 no 0.89 ± 0.04 no 0.97 ± 0.02 Not available
Trypsin inhibition (TIU/mg) < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Not available

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

항 영양소
GM과 non-GM 벼의 항영양소 phytic acid와 트립신 저해 제를 측정하였다(Table 5). 트립신 저해제는 3종 벼 모두에서 0.1 TIU/mg 미만으로 GM과 non-GM 벼 모두에서 매우 낮게 저해활성을 드러냈으며, 쌀겨에 많이 분포되어 있는 피트산은 동진벼 0.97%, Ab벼 1.05%, Bt벼 0.89%로 t-test결과 GM 및 non-GM간 유의적인 차이를 보였다. Liu et al. (2005)의 연구 에서 24품종 자포니카 벼의 phytic acid (0.551 – 1.06%) 측정 값이 제시되어 있으며 Ab, Bt, 동진 벼 모두 Codex 범위 내에 존재하였다.
본 연구에서는 제초제 저항성인 Ab벼와 해충저항성 Bt벼, 이들의 모본인 동진벼의 현미에서 일반성분, 아미노산, 무기 물, 지방산, 비타민 및 항영양소를 분석하여 유전자변형 벼 (Ab, Bt)의 영양성분 조성 차이를 비교하고자 수행하였다. 그 결과 무기물의 철분이 모본인 동진벼와 유전자 변형 벼(Ab, Bt) 사이에 약 2배의 차이를 나타내었지만 codex 범위 내에 존재하였고, 비타민 류에서는 Bt벼와 동진벼 간의 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면 Ab벼의 비타민 B1, B7, E에서 유 의적인 차이를 보였다. 또한 트립신 저해제는 시료 모두에서 0.1 TIU/mg 미만으로 극소량 검출되었다. 총 46가지 분석 성 분 중 17가지가 함량 및 조성에 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 이 러한 차이는 이들의 모본인 동진벼, OECD 표준기술서, 그리 고 일반 상업화 품종의 범위 내에 존재해 영양학적 측면에서 실질적으로 차이가 없는 것으로 판단된다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 기관고유 사업(과제번호: PJ00965201) 및 차세대바이오그린 사업(과제번호: PJ01123201)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Composition Analysis of Herbicide Tolerant Ab Rice and Insect-Resistant Bt Rice
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):255-263.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.255
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Composition Analysis of Herbicide Tolerant Ab Rice and Insect-Resistant Bt Rice
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):255-263.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.255
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Composition Analysis of Herbicide Tolerant Ab Rice and Insect-Resistant Bt Rice
Composition Analysis of Herbicide Tolerant Ab Rice and Insect-Resistant Bt Rice

Analysis of equivalence of proximate measured in brown rice.

Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Ash, % dw 1.14 ± 0.04 yes 1.16 ± 0.10 yes 1.17 ± 0.05 1.0–1.5
Lipid, % dw 1.72 ± 0.19 yes 1.74 ± 0.15 yes 1.58 ± 0.11 1.6–2.8
Protein, % dw 5.69 ± 0.31 yes 5.45 ± 0.32 yes 5.64 ± 0.12 7.1–8.3
Starch, % dw 66.79 ± 3.60 yes 64.77 ± 1.65 yes 69.01 ± 5.20 66.4
Carbohydratesw, % dw 91.44 ± 0.23 yes 91.65 ± 0.38 yes 91.61 ± 0.21 87.4–90.3

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

wEstimate of Carbohydrates: %carbohydrates=100-(%protein+%lipid+%ash)

Analysis of equivalence of amino acid measured in brown rice.

Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Alanine 5.83 ± 0.19 yes 5.73 ± 0.13 yes 5.79 ± 0.20 5.8
Arginine 7.70 ± 0.20 yes 7.35 ± 0.23 yes 7.66 ± 0.35 8.5–10.5
Aspartic acid 9.47 ± 0.29 yes 9.03 ± 0.19 yes 9.24 ± 0.16 9.0, 9.5
Cysteine 2.40 ± 0.08 no 2.49 ± 0.05 yes 2.57 ± 0.06 2.2–2.4
Glutamic acid 17.04 ± 0.50 yes 17.05 ± 0.49 yes 17.59 ± 0.32 16.9, 17.6
Glycine 4.69 ± 0.15 yes 4.51 ± 0.08 no 4.68 ± 0.10 4.7, 4.8
Histidine 2.24 ± 0.06 yes 2.13 ± 0.06 yes 2.20 ± 0.12 2.4, 2.6
Isoleucine 3.14 ± 0.03 yes 3.11 ± 0.12 yes 3.20 ± 0.13 3.6–4.6
Leucine 7.48 ± 0.16 yes 7.38 ± 0.24 yes 7.66 ± 0.26 8.3–8.9
Lysine 3.65 ± 0.10 yes 3.62 ± 0.11 yes 3.64 ± 0.12 3.9, 4.3
Methionine 2.61 ± 0.08 yes 2.56 ± 0.05 no 2.66 ± 0.02 2.3, 2.5
Phenylalanine 4.82 ± 0.08 yes 4.66 ± 0.10 yes 4.75 ± 0.07 5.0, 5.3
Proline 4.04 ± 0.10 yes 3.90 ± 0.20 yes 4.16 ± 0.17 4.8, 5.1
Serine 5.32 ± 0.21 yes 5.24 ± 0.12 yes 5.36 ± 0.06 4.8–5.8
Threonine 3.86 ± 0.10 yes 3.86 ± 0.09 yes 3.87 ± 0.10 3.9–4.0
Tyrosine 4.19 ± 0.09 yes 3.93 ± 0.27 yes 4.18 ± 0.21 3.8–4.6
Valine 5.25 ± 0.09 yes 5.06 ± 0.05 yes 5.10 ± 0.17 5.0–6.6

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

Analysis of equivalence of minerals measured in brown rice.

Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Copper (μg/g) 6.35 ± 2.03 yes 4.34 ± 0.70 yes 4.84 ± 0.63 1–7
Iron (μg/g) 9.80 ± 2.30 no 9.35 ± 0.33 no 5.98 ± 1.20 2–60
Zinc (μg/g) 23.16 ± 3.56 no 18.38 ± 2.39 yes 18.22 ± 1.36 7–33
Sodium (μg/g) 166.19 ± 155.84 yes 289.78 ± 165.11 yes 264.38 ± 107.72 20–400
Calcium (mg/g) 0.10 ± 0.02 yes 0.13 ± 0.01 yes 0.12 ± 0.01 0.1–0.6
Sulfer (mg/g) 0.78 ± 0.03 yes 0.82 ± 0.03 yes 0.80 ± 0.05 0.3–2.2
Magnesium (mg/g) 0.82 ± 0.10 yes 0.88 ± 0.03 yes 0.80 ± 0.09 0.2–1.7
Potassium (mg/g) 2.18 ± 0.12 yes 2.49 ± 0.32 no 2.05 ± 0.23 0.7–3.2
Phosphorus (mg/g) 2.62 ± 0.13 yes 2.68 ± 0.11 yes 2.44 ± 0.20 2-5

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

Analysis of equivalence of fatty acid measured in brown rice.

Component GM Non-GM Korean ricex
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.34 ± 0.03 yes 0.26 ± 0.02 no 0.32 ± 0.04 0.22–0.50
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 17.73 ± 0.23 yes 17.89 ± 0.23 no 17.52 ± 0.22 16.62–22.04
Stearic acid (C18:0) 2.35 ± 0.09 no 2.27 ± 0.16 yes 2.16 ± 0.08 0.75–2.76
Oleic acid (C18:1) 39.61 ± 1.26 yes 38.33 ± 0.46 no 39.24 ± 0.53 35.98–44.23
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 37.32 ± 1.13 yes 38.76 ± 0.32 no 38.27 ± 0.33 31.10–42.66
Linolenic acid (C18:3) 1.52 ± 0.03 yes 1.53 ± 0.10 yes 1.47 ± 0.06 0.83–3.36
Arachidonic acid (C20:0) 0.66 ± 0.02 no 0.54 ± 0.01 yes 0.54 ± 0.05 0.44–0.76
Gadoleic acid (C20:1) 0.48 ± 0.01 yes 0.42 ± 0.01 no 0.47 ± 0.02 0.35–0.60

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

xReference of korean rice: Kim et al. (2013), Kyoun et al. (2006), and Park et al. (2012)

Analysis of equivalence of vitamin and anti-nutrients measured in brown rice.

Component GM Non-GM OECDx
Ab Equivalencez Bt Equivalence Dongjiny
Vitamin B1 (μg/g) 2.94 ± 0.21 no 2.62 ± 0.12 yes 2.56 ± 0.11 2.9–6.1
Vitamin B2 (μg/g) 0.51 ± 0.03 yes 0.52 ± 0.04 yes 0.53 ± 0.03 0.4–1.4
Vitamin B3 (μg/g) 44.68 ± 2.00 yes 48.17 ± 2.87 yes 45.88 ± 1.84 35–53
Vitamin B7 (μg/100g) 2.20 ± 0.04 no 2.60 ± 0.07 yes 2.68 ± 0.34 4–10
Vitamin E (μg/g) 11.89 ± 1.18 no 14.19 ± 2.33 yes 14.72 ± 1.40 9–25
Phytic acid (%) 1.05 ± 0.03 no 0.89 ± 0.04 no 0.97 ± 0.02 Not available
Trypsin inhibition (TIU/mg) < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Not available

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

zAssessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

yParental cultivar of GM rice

x OECD (2004) data source

Table 1. Analysis of equivalence of proximate measured in brown rice.

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

Assessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

Parental cultivar of GM rice

OECD (2004) data source

Estimate of Carbohydrates: %carbohydrates=100-(%protein+%lipid+%ash)

Table 2. Analysis of equivalence of amino acid measured in brown rice.

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

Assessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

Parental cultivar of GM rice

OECD (2004) data source

Table 3. Analysis of equivalence of minerals measured in brown rice.

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

Assessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

Parental cultivar of GM rice

OECD (2004) data source

Table 4. Analysis of equivalence of fatty acid measured in brown rice.

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

Assessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

Parental cultivar of GM rice

Reference of korean rice: Kim et al. (2013), Kyoun et al. (2006), and Park et al. (2012)

Table 5. Analysis of equivalence of vitamin and anti-nutrients measured in brown rice.

The values of proximate were calculated as percentage of dry matter. Each value is the mean±standard deviation (n=5)

Assessment of equivalence: Analysis using t-test(p<0.05) for comparison between GM rice and non-GM rice

Parental cultivar of GM rice

OECD (2004) data source

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

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