Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the major constraints in rice production which is transmitted by the small brown plant hopper,
Maize is the most important grain crop in the world. Genetic engineering technology has been used to enhance its various agronomical traits. The transformation of maize is a crucial step in the application of gene technologies to improve maize. The choice of genotype and explant material influences the transformation efficiency and the production of stable transgenic plants. Immature embryos of Hi IIA were infected with
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A statistical analysis of 9,771 non-glutinous rice in breeding line germplasm collected from Korea (2,836), China (2,136), Japan (1,219), and the Philippines (1,213) was conducted using normal distribution, variability index value (VIV), analysis of variation (ANOVA) and Ducan’s multiple range test (DMRT) based on the data obtained from NIRS analysis. According to the normal distribution, the average protein content was 7.9%, and non-glutinous rice ranging over 10% amylose had 23.6% average content. Most resources were between 5.3 and 10.5% in protein content, and 15.7 and 31.5% in amylose content. The VIV was 0.54 for protein, and 0.83 for amylose. The average amylose content was 25.18%, 24.54%, 22.08%, and 21.47% in Filipino, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese resources, respectively, wheereas the average protein content was found to be 8.19%, 7.79%, 7.58%, and 7.42% in Filipino, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese resources, respectively. The ANOVA of amylose and protein content showed significant differences at the level of 0.01. The F-test value was 412.2 for amylose content, and 108.4 for protein when compared with the critical value of 3.78. The DMRT of amylose and protein content showed significant differences (p<0.01) among resources from different countries. The Filipino resources had the highest level of amylose and protein content, whereas; the lowest level of amylose and protein content were found in Japanese when compared with resources of other origins. These results are recommended as helpful materials in the field of breeding.
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Salt stress is a significant factor limiting growth and productivity in crops. However, little is known about the response and resistance mechanism to salt stress in maize. The objective of this research was to develop an enhanced salt-tolerant silage maize by mutagenesis with gamma radiation. To generate gamma radiation-induced salt-tolerant silage maize, we irradiated a KS140 inbred line with 100 Gy gamma rays. Salt tolerance was determined by evaluating plant growth, morphological changes, and gene expression under NaCl stress. We screened 10 salt-tolerant maize inbred lines from 2,248 M2 mutant populations and selected a line showing better growth under salt stress conditions. The selected 140RS516 mutant exhibited improved seed germination and plant growth when compared with the wild-type under salt stress conditions. Enhanced salt tolerance of the 140RS516 mutant was attributed to higher stomatal conductance and proline content. Using whole-genome re-sequencing analysis, a total of 328 single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions or deletions were identified in the 140RS516 mutant. We found that the expression of the genes involved in salt stress tolerance,
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Red peppers (
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Amphidiploid
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Rice landrace germplasms are highly valuable because of their wide genetic variation. Their traits have not been selected by modern breeders but by nature, thus, these traits and the gene associated with them have tremendous potential to improve modern rice cultivars. The first step to utilize this potential is to conduct a thorough evaluation of the target traits to select superior germplasm for a breeding program. Here, with 386 Korean landrace germplasms, we evaluated mesocotyl elongation traits which possibly promote direct seedling cultivation in rice. Mesocotyl length ranged from 0 mm to 28 mm. Among the tested landraces, we selected and reported the top 20 performing landraces whose mesocotyl length were larger than 16 mm. The previously reported agronomic traits for the selected 20 landraces were also listed for breeders to promote the utilization of these germplasms in breeding programs.
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In this study, watermelon accessions introduced from the USDA were characterized for 12 morphological characteristics of leaf, flower, fruit, and seed, according to the National Agrobiodiversity Center descriptor list. In addition, to confirm the genetic composition of each watermelon accession, genetic profiling was performed using 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 154 watermelon accessions from the USDA were collected from 31 different countries, among which, 12.3% (19 accessions) were from Turkey. Morphological characterization revealed that the accessions displayed a large diversity. Genetic profiling using 20 SSR markers showed that six accessions (K192117, K192028, K193400, K192376, K192499, and K192800) were expected to be inbred lines among the 154 watermelon accessions. The 12 characters scored were analyzed using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The result revealed 68.1% of the total variability and indicated variations among accessions, mainly based on fruit stripes and fruit shape along the longitudinal section. The accessions were divided into eight groups according to DAPC, although the geographical origin was not a great source for the grouping. Our results will be helpful for the efficient management of germplasms and in understanding and selecting watermelon accessions for the breeding process.
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A few inbred grain-sorghum varieties, developed and grown in Korea, have low productivity. Several hybrid cultivars have been demonstrated to be more productive and resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions than pure line varieties. However, very limited studies have been conducted on hybrid sorghum in Korea. Information on combining ability of Korean landraces based on parental materials is of great importance for increasing the productivity of sorghum through hybrid breeding programs. This study was conducted to determine the combining abilities of Korean sorghum landraces and cultivars. Two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines (A.Arg-1 and A03017) were crossed with 13 male-fertile lines to generate 26 experimental grain-sorghum hybrids. The hybrids were evaluated at two locations (Daegu and Miryang) in Korea in 2018. They were planted in three replications and standard agronomic practices were followed at both sites. There were significant (
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Association analysis was conducted to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) of yield potential traits, days to heading date, culm length, spike length and kernels per spike in the genetic mapping population (94 F10 recombinant inbred line) produced from a cross between two Korean wheat cultivars, Taejoong which has a large kernel number line, a longer spike length, and a higher kernel number per spike and Keumkang. Yield potential traits, days to heading date, culm length, spike length and kernels per spike were evaluated in 2017 and 2018 under upland conditions. Days to heading date were biased toward late heading date (skewness=-0.3), and spike length was biased toward short spike length (skewness=0.7). A genetic map was constructed with 57 microsatellite marker loci and two QTLs were detected for spike length. The first QTL on chromosome 2A,
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Rice blast caused by the fungus
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The rice recombinant inbred lines derived from Hanareum2 and Unkwang (HURILs) cross were used in genetic mapping and QTL analysis studies using the inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method. In this study, we constructed the genetic map using 241 SNP markers based on the SNPs in the whole genome region between these varieties. As a result, the total genetic distance and average distances were 1,142 cM and 4.7 cM, respectively. Both heading date and plant height are important traits related to grain yield in rice. Twelve heading date QTLs were detected under natural condition in Korea. A major QTL
Hypoxia caused by water seeding of rice inhibits germination and often leads to serious problems in seedling establishment and early growth. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop rice cultivars that can stably germinate and grow under anaerobic environments. In this study, we performed QTL analysis on anaerobic germination (AG) tolerance using 139 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Milyang23 and Gihobyeo, and identified two QTLs (
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A persimmon (
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A mungbean (
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To improve their income, farmers should cultivate sorghum varieties with high productivity, short breeding period, and easy double cropping. To increase purchases by consumers, the sorghum variety must have health-related functions. To meet these demands, the 'Cheongpung' variety has been raised through net separation from the traditional species of the Chungbuk region as a sorghum variety that can be harvested by machine, have the highest yield in the country, and have the most abundant antioxidant content. The seed coat of ‘Cheongpung’ was reddish-brown, and had the characteristic of early maturation; it required only 107 days from sowing to harvest. Its culm length was 89 cm, the smallest among domestic cultivated varieties. It could also be harvested by machine without difficulty. Compared with the ‘Hwanggeumchal’ variety, the number of ear per plant in ‘Cheongpung’ was approximately 1.3, but each ear piece weighed 66.2 g, weighing 3.8 g, and the thousand-grain weight was 1.4 grams higher than the rough-grain weight. A local adaptation test in five regions nationwide for two years led to a ‘Cheongpung’ yield of 359 kg/10a, which was the highest among domestic cultivated varieties. In addition, the polyphenol content of ‘Cheongpung’ was 29% higher than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’. (Registration No. 7717)
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‘Yeongbo’ is a variety of japonica rice (
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‘Haedamssal’ is an early maturing and rice stripe virus disease-resistant cultivar adaptable for early-transplanting cultivation that was developed by the rice breeding team of the Department of Southern Crop, NICS, RDA, in 2014. This cultivar was derived from the cross YR25869 (YR21247-B-B-B-49-1/Sasanishiki BL4//Koshihikari) and YR25868 (Unkwang//YR21247-B-B-B-49-1/Sasanishiki BL4) made in the 2005/2006 winter season and was advanced to the F5 generation by a bulk breeding method using rapid generation advance. To incorporate rice stripe virus resistance, marker-assisted selection on the RSV gene was conducted in 3-way and 6-way cross F1 generation using the tightly linked marker RM6897. From testing in the replicated yield trial in 2011, a promising line YR26258-B-B-B-33-3 was selected and it was designated as ‘Milyang276’. A local adaptability test of ‘Milyang276’ was performed at three locations from 2012 to 2014 and it was named as ‘Haedamssal’, which was a good eating quality variety. The culm length was 67 cm in yield trials, which was 4 cm shorter than ‘Jopyeong’. The number of spikelets per panicle was lower than ‘Jopyeong’, whereas the number of tillers per hill was higher. This variety was resistant to RSV disease, bacterial blight, and leaf blast disease. The milled rice yield of ‘Haedamssal’ was 5.48 MT per ha at the early transplanting in the local adaptability test. ‘Haedamssal’ is well adapted to early transplanting cultivation in the southern plain area (Registration No. 6811).
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A winter wheat (
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‘Seongsan’, an early multi-resistant japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between ‘Jopyeong’ and ‘Jungmo 1012’, was developed by the rice breeding team of the National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration. The average heading date at the ordinary planting was July 25th in seven test spots. In response to physiological stresses, premature heading rate was very low and viviparous germination rate was relatively low (15.7%). In response to biotic stresses, ‘Seongsan’ showed resistance to bacterial blight pathogen K1 to K3, rice stripe virus, and blight leaf. The milled rice of ‘Seongsan’ was translucent with relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. The cooked rice had good palatability compared with that of ‘Chucheong’. The milled rice yield of this variety was approximately 5.52 MT/ha in a three-year local adaptability test. ‘Seongsan’ was an early maturing multi-resistant rice with good grain quality, and it was expected to be used as a representative for maturity diversification of rice cultivation area (Registration No. 7277).
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The soybean cultivar ‘Neulchan’ was developed for production of soy-paste and tofu. SS91501-9-1-1 and SS96205 (F2) were crossed in 1998, and F3 to F7 were selected by the pedigree method. A preliminary yield trial (PYT) and an advanced yield trial (AYT) were conducted from 2006 to 2008, and a regional yield trial (RYT) in nine regions was conducted from 2009 to 2011. In the RYT, ‘Neulchan’ was stable in variable environments and generated high yield. ‘Neulchan’ was determinate with white flower, light brown pod color, yellow spherical seed, and yellow hilum. Its flowering date and maturity date were Jul. 30 and Oct. 9, respectively. The plant height was shorter than that of ‘Daewonkong’ (a standard cultivar). ‘Neulchan’ had the same node number (14), higher first-pod height (12 cm), and lighter seed weight (21.7 g/100-seed weight) than those of ‘Daewonkong’ (14, 11, and 24.2 g/100-seed weight, respectively). ‘Neulchan’ had high resistance to bacterial pustule, and its resistance to soybean mosaic virus was similar to that of ‘Daewonkong’. The yield and color of ‘Neulchan’ tofu were similar to those of ‘Daewonkong’ tofu, but the hardness was lower than that of ‘Daewonkong’ tofu. The soybean malt scent, fermented soybean yield, and γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) of ‘Neulchan’ were 3, 215%, and 24.6 mg/g, respectively. Its yield in adaptable regions was 307 kg/10a, higher than that of ‘Daewonkong’. ‘Neulchan’ was expected to be cultivated and used widely for soy-paste and tofu production. (Registration No. 4904).
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A new
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‘Jinhan’, a japonica rice variety, was developed from a cross between ‘Cheolwon68’ (IT218244) and ‘Junghwabyeo’ (IT260473) by the rice breeding team at National Institute of Crop Science in 2015. ‘Cheolwon68’ is early maturing and resistant to blast disease, and ‘Junghwabyeo’ is a cold-tolerant and high-quality variety. The growth duration of ‘Jinhan’ in the paddy field was 116 days in the Northern Central Highland in Korea, which was similar to that of ‘Jinbu’. The culm length of ‘Jinhan’ was 61 cm, which was 10 cm shorter than that of ‘Jinbu’. The panicle of ‘Jinhan’ was composed of 66 spikelets. The viviparous germination rate of ‘Jinhan’ was 33.2%. ‘Jinhan’ showed resistance to blast disease, but was susceptible to stripe virus, dwarf and black-streaked dwarf viruses, and plant hoppers. The milled rice grains of ‘Jinhan’ showed an excellent palatability index (0.23) and lower protein content (5.7%) than that of ‘Jinbu’. The grain milling characteristics of ‘Jinhan’ were similar to those of ‘Jinbu’. ‘Jinhan’ showed a milled rice productivity of 5.43 MT/ha at four sites cultivated in the Northern Central Highland (Registration No. 7318).
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The soybean cultivar, ‘Saegeum’, has been developed for preparing soy-paste and tofu. The soybean cultivars ‘Daepung’ and ‘SS98207-3SSD-168’ were crossed in 2003 to obtain ‘Saegeum’. Single seed descent method was used to advance the generation from F3 to F5, and the plant lines with promising traits were selected from F6 to F7 by pedigree method. The preliminary yield (PYT) and advanced yield trials (AYT) were conducted from 2009 to 2010, and the regional yield trial (RYT) was conducted in 12 regions between 2011 and 2013. The morphological characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ were as follows: determinate plant type, white flower, tawny pubescence color, and brown pod color. Flowering and maturity dates were August 2, XXXX and October 17, XXXX, respectively. Plant height, first pod height, number of nodes, number of branches, and number of pods were 79 cm, 18 cm, 16, 2.3, and 44, respectively. The seed characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ were as follows: yellow spherical shape, yellow hilum, and the 100-seed weight was 25.4 g. ‘Saegeum’ was resistant to bacterial pustule and SMV in the field test, and its lodging resistance was mildly strong, whereas its shattering resistance was excellent. The ability of this cultivar to be processed into tofu, soybean malt, and other fermented products was comparable with that of ‘Daewonkong’. The yield of ‘Saegeum’ in the adaptable regions was 3.02 ton ha-1. Thus, ‘Saegeum’ is adaptable to mechanized harvesting because of its high first pod height, as well as lodging and shattering resistance. (Registration number: 5929)
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‘Yechan’ is a high grain quality mid-late maturing rice cultivar with lodging tolerance and multiple disease resistance. It was a derived from a cross between ‘Hopum’ and ‘Iksan537’ (cultivar name ‘Haepum’). ‘Hopum’ is a high grain quality mid-late maturing rice cultivar with strong lodging tolerance and ‘Haepum’ is a high grain quality medium maturing rice cultivar with multiple disease resistance. To shorten the breeding period, another culture method was applied to the F1 plants. ‘Yechan’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests, with a high selection pressure for grain quality, lodging, and disease resistance. The heading date of ‘Yechan’ was August 14, one day later than that of ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Yechan’ is a cultivar tolerant to lodging and it has short culms. It has multiple disease resistance against rice blast, rice stripe virus, and bacterial blight, including the K3a race, the most virulent race in Korea. The yield of ‘Yechan’ was similar to that of ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Yechan’ showed excellent grain appearance, superior taste when cooked, and enhanced milling performance; thus, we concluded that it could contribute to the improvement of Korean
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‘Dodamssal’ was developed as a functional rice by means of a cross between ‘Goamibyeo’, a high amylose cultivar for noodle rice, and ‘Goami2’, a mutant cultivar derived from ‘Ilpum’ treated with N-methyl N-nitrosourea (MNU), with a high amylose content. The bulk population was displayed from F2 to F4, followed by pedigree methods from F5, where line selection was performed based on amylose mutants with an opaque endosperm. Finally, ‘Milyang261’, which has a high amylose content and high resistant starch content, was selected and named as ‘Dodamssal’ in 2013. ‘Dodamssal’ is a mid-maturing ecotype with a heading date of August 10, susceptibility to both viruses and insects, and showed a slightly high viviparous germination rate of 23.4%. The yield capacity of ‘Dodamssal’ was 529 kg/10a over a 3-year regional yield test and would be suitable for cultivation in the middle and southern plain areas of Korea. The amylose content of ‘Dodamssal’ is 42.8%, with a grain appearance of opaque endosperms. Moreover, the starch granule of ‘Dodamssal’ was a round particle shape, unlike the polygonal shape of the ordinary grain. ‘Dodamssal’ is functional variety with resistant starch and dietary fiber contents of 13.6% and 5.3%, respectively (Registration No. 5637).
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A new small redbean cultivar, ‘Hongjin’, was developed by an artificial cross between ‘SA9206-2B-6-1-2-3-3-2’ and ‘Suwon38’ at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Korea, in 1999, and selected for the further yield trials under the name ‘Miryang 23’. It was prominent and had desirable agronomic traits, such as high grain quality, lodging tolerance, and high antioxidant activity in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) from 2013 to 2015. ‘Hongjin’ was finally released as a new cultivar in 2015. ‘Hongjin’ has some distinct phenotypic traits, including a semi-determinate growth habit, yellow flowers, green embryonic axis, dark red seed coat, white hilum, and small spherical seeds (15.4 g per 100 seeds). The average yield of ‘Hongjin’ was 1.99 MT/ha in the regional yield trials (RYT), which was slightly higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Chungju’ (1.84 MT/ha) (Registration No. 7510).
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‘Hogammi’ was developed as a sweetpotato variety with β-carotene content and excellent palatability in 2015. It was derived by crossing ‘AB95007-2’, which has good shape and storage root yield, and ‘Annoimo’, which has light orange flesh and good palatability. ‘Hogammi’ had storage roots with long elliptical shape, red skin, and light orange flesh. The texture of the steamed storage root of ‘Hogammi’ was intermediate or slightly moist, and it was more tender than that of ‘Yulmi’. The soluble solid content of the steamed storage roots of ‘Hogammi’ was 29.7 °Brix, which was 10.8% higher than that of ‘Yulmi’. The palatability of the steamed storage roots of ‘Hogammi’ was better than that of ‘Yulmi’. The β-carotene content of the storage roots of ‘Hogammi’ was 9.8 mg/100 g dry weight. ‘Hogammi’ was moderately resistant to
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‘Gawagi1’ is an early maturing, low amylose rice variety with a medium to short culm, developed by Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Hwaseong, Korea in 2016. ‘Gawagi1’ was derived from the cross between ‘Baegjinju’ and ‘Sangmibyeo’ in 2004. Heading date was 4th of August 15 day earlier than ‘Baegjinju’ in Gyeonggido. The culm length was 67 cm. It had 15 panicles per hill and 104 spikelets per panicle. It is a medium-grain variety whose 1,000 grains weight of brown rice is 19.3 g. The protein content of milled rice was 6.3%, which is higher than that of ‘Baegjinju’ and its amylose content was 8.2% which is lower than that of ‘Baegjinju’. Its milling ratio is 75.5%, which is higher than that of ‘Baegjinju’. The yield of milled rice was 4.99 MT/ha under the standard cultivation practices at the local adaptability tests in 3 regions from 2014 to 2016. ‘Gawagi1’ is highly adaptable to Gyeonggido, especially to the northern region of Han River. (Registration No. 7280)
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