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고착협 내탈립 기계수확 적응 장류⋅두부용 콩 품종 ‘새금’

김현태1, 한원영2, 이병원3, 고종민4, 이영훈5, 백인열1, 윤홍태6, 하태정1, 최만수7, 강범규1,*, 김현영7, 서정현1, 김홍식1, 신상욱1, 오재현1, 곽도연1, 서민정6, 송윤호8, 장은규9, 윤건식10, 강영식11, 이지윤12, 신정호13, 최규환14, 김동관15, 양우삼16

Adaptability of the high first pod height, shattering-resistant soybean cultivar ‘Saegeum’ to mechanized harvesting

Hyun Tae Kim1, Won Young Han2, Byung Won Lee3, Jong Min Ko4, Yeong Hoon Lee5, In Youl Baek1, Hong Tai Yun6, Tae Joung Ha1, Man Soo Choi7, Beom Kyu Kang1,*, Hyun Yeong Kim7, Jeong Hyun Seo1, Hong Sik Kim1, Sang Ouk Shin1, Jae Hyun Oh1, Do Yeon Kwak1, Min Jeong Seo6, Yoon Ho Song8, Eun Kyu Jang9, Geon Sik Yun10, Yeong Sik Kang11, Ji Yun Lee12, Jeong Ho Shin13, Kyu Hwan Choi14, Dong Kwan Kim15, Woo Sam Yang16
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2019;51(4):496-503.
Published online: December 1, 2019

1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부 밭작물개발과

2농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부 생산기술개발과

3농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 수확후이용과

4농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부 논이용작물과

5농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 기획조정과

6농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물부 중부작물과

7농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 작물기초기반과

8강원도농업기 술원

9경기도농업기술원

10충청북도농업기술원

11충청남도농업기술원

12경상북도농업기술원

13경상남도농업기술원

14전라북 도농업기술원

15전라남도농업기술원

16제주특별자치도농업기술원

1Upland Crop Breeding Research Division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Milyang, 50424, Republic of Korea

2Crop Production Technology Research Division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Milyang, 5044, Republic of Korea

3Crop Post-harvest Technology Research Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, 16429, Republic of Korea

4Paddy Crop Research Division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Milyang, 502, Republic of Korea

5Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Jeonju, 36, Republic of Korea

6Central Area Crop Breeding Research Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, 1429, Republic of Korea

7Crop Foundation Research division, Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Jeonju, 55365, Republic of Korea

8Kangwon-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Chuncheon, 24226, Republic of Korea

9Kyunggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Hwaseong, 18388, Republic of Korea

10Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Ochang, 283, Republic of Korea

11Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Yeasan, 3248, Republic of Korea

12Kyungsangbuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Service, Daegu, 4404, Republic of Korea

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* Corresponding Author (E-mail: hellobk01@korea.kr, Tel: +82-55-350-1123, Fax: +82-55-355-3050)
• Received: September 3, 2019   • Revised: September 3, 2019   • Accepted: October 7, 2019

Copyright © 2019 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • The soybean cultivar, ‘Saegeum’, has been developed for preparing soy-paste and tofu. The soybean cultivars ‘Daepung’ and ‘SS98207-3SSD-168’ were crossed in 2003 to obtain ‘Saegeum’. Single seed descent method was used to advance the generation from F3 to F5, and the plant lines with promising traits were selected from F6 to F7 by pedigree method. The preliminary yield (PYT) and advanced yield trials (AYT) were conducted from 2009 to 2010, and the regional yield trial (RYT) was conducted in 12 regions between 2011 and 2013. The morphological characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ were as follows: determinate plant type, white flower, tawny pubescence color, and brown pod color. Flowering and maturity dates were August 2, XXXX and October 17, XXXX, respectively. Plant height, first pod height, number of nodes, number of branches, and number of pods were 79 cm, 18 cm, 16, 2.3, and 44, respectively. The seed characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ were as follows: yellow spherical shape, yellow hilum, and the 100-seed weight was 25.4 g. ‘Saegeum’ was resistant to bacterial pustule and SMV in the field test, and its lodging resistance was mildly strong, whereas its shattering resistance was excellent. The ability of this cultivar to be processed into tofu, soybean malt, and other fermented products was comparable with that of ‘Daewonkong’. The yield of ‘Saegeum’ in the adaptable regions was 3.02 ton ha-1. Thus, ‘Saegeum’ is adaptable to mechanized harvesting because of its high first pod height, as well as lodging and shattering resistance. (Registration number: 5929)
콩[Glycine max. (L.) Merr]은 전세계적으로 식용, 사료용, 산업용 원료 등 여러가지 용도로 이용되고 있는 주요 두과작물 중 하나이다. 특히 한국에서는 간장, 된장, 두부, 콩나물 등 다양한 식품의 원료로 이용되고 있다. 이 식품들은 그 역사가 오래되고 현재에도 우리 삶과 밀접하게 자주 즐겨먹는 식품들이므로 한국의 식문화적으로 매우 중요한 작물이라 할 수 있다.
콩의 국내 재배면적과 생산량은 2008년 7만 5천 ha, 13만 3천톤 수준에서 2018년 5만ha, 8만 9천톤 수준으로 감소하였으며, 자급률 또한 2008년 29.5%에서 2017년(잠정) 22% 수준으로 감소하고 있는 실정이다(MAFRA 2018). 국내 안정적인 콩 생산과 자급률 향상을 위해 내병⋅내재해성이 우수하여 재배가 안정적이고 수량이 확보되며, 기계수확 적응성이 높은 품종을 개발하여 생산비를 절감할 필요가 있다.
콩의 주요 병해로는 불마름병(Bacterial pustule, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.glycines)과 콩모자이크바이러스(SMV, Soybean Mosaic Virus)가 있는데, Hong et al. (2011)의 보고에 따르면 불마름병은 100립중을 감소시켜 19.8%의 수량 감소를 유발하는 세균성 병해이다. 불마름병은 17번 염색체의 rxp 유전자의 단인자 열성으로 유전된다고 보고된 바 있으나, 다양한 염색체에서도 불마름병과 관련된 QTL이 존재하는 것으로 연구되었다(Yang et al. 2011). 콩모자이크바이러스는 수량 감소 및 품질 저하를 초래할 수 있으며, 저항성 유전자로 Rsv1, Rsv2, Rsv3, Rsv4 등 크게 4종이 알려져 있다(Gunduz et al. 2002, Saghai Maroof et al. 2010). 따라서 불마름병과 SMV는 관련 유전자가 도입된 품종을 개발하여 내병성을 개선할 수 있다.
인건비 상승과 노동력 수급 여건이 어려워 짐에 따라 생산비 절감을 위해 기계수확 적응성의 중요성이 강조되어 왔다. 콤바인 기계수확 시 발생하는 손실의 주요 여섯 가지 요인에는 ‘수확 전 손실(도복과 탈립)’, ‘기계충격으로 인한 탈립에 의한 손실’, ‘저착협으로 인한 손실’, ‘도복으로 인한 비절단 손실’, ‘콤바인 내의 실린더 손실(콤바인 내의 비탈곡)’, ‘분리 손실(탈곡 된 종실이 저장되지 않고 배출)’ 등이 있다(Charles et al. 1993). 여섯 가지 요인들 중 품종 개량을 통해 해결 할 수 있는 부분은 콩의 내도복성, 내탈립성, 고착협 특성이 있으며, 이를 통해 기계수확 적응성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 또한 분지 각도가 넓은 초형보다는 분지 각도가 좁고 꼬투리가 주경 마디 위주로 착생하는 형태의 초형이 기계수확 적응성이 높다고 볼 수 있다.
콤바인 절단부위를 2.5 cm 증가시킬 경우 94.1 kg/ha가 감소하고, 2.6 cm 증가시킬 경우 27 kg/ha 감소되는 등 시험에 따라 다르지만 절단부위가 수량 손실에 영향을 주며, CLASS 콤바인 기계수확 시 콩 절단높이가 보통 15 cm정도 이하에 착생된 꼬투리는 손실될 가능성이 높은 것으로 보고 있어, 콤바인 기계 수확 시 수량 손실을 줄이기 위해서는 고착협 콩 품종 개발이 필요하다(Martin and Wilcox. 1973, Kowalczuk. 1999, Son and Heo. 2002).
콩의 내탈립성은 꼬투리 개열 부위의 접착력과 꼬투리가 개열하는 힘에 의해 결정되며, 열성 단일 유전자인 sh1 등 2~4개의 유전자에 의해 조절되는 것으로 연구된 바 있다. 또 다른 연구에서는 우성 또는 불완정 우성 유전자의 활동에 의해 내탈립성이 조절된다고 보고하였다(Kang et al. 2009). Funatsuki et al. (2008)에 의해 재조합자식계통(RIL, Recombinant Inbred Lines) 집단을 이용하여 qPDH1 양적 형질 유전자좌(QTL)가 밝혀 졌으며, 해당 영역에 대한 연구들을 통해 Lee et al. (2017)은 고밀도 유전자집도를 통해 해당 부위 후보유전자와 SNP 선발 마커를 탐색한 바 있다.
콩의 도복(쓰러짐)은 다양한 생리적, 유전적 요인으로 발생하며 병 발생, 수량 감소, 기계수확 효율 감소 등 손실을 유발한다. 콩의 경장이 클 경우 도복되기 쉽지만 같은 경장에서도 내도복성의 차이가 나타남으로 경장보다는 줄기 강도 등 다른 요인들이 더 중요한 것으로 생각되고 있다. 더불어QTL 탐색 연구를 통해 내도복성 조절 유전부위들에 대한 정보도 증가하고 있다(Chen et al. 2011, Yamaguchi et al. 2014).
이처럼 착협고, 내탈립성, 내도복성은 유전에 의한 요인이 큰 형질들로 관련 유전 요인들을 집적하여 품종개발을 할 필요가 있다. 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 내병성, 내도복성, 내탈립성 등이 강화되어 재배 안정성이 높으며, 착협고가 높고 분지수가 적은 초형으로 기계수확 적응성이 높은 장류 및 두부용 콩 품종 ‘새금’을 개발하여 그 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 소개하고자 한다.
생산력검정시험
2009년 생산력검정 예비시험(PYT), 2010년 생산력검정 본시험(AYT)을 경남 밀양에 위치한 국립식량과학원 남부작물부에서 수행하였다. 생산력검정 예비시험은 시험구 면적 8.4 m2, 재식거리 70×15 cm, 1주2본으로 재배하여 난괴법 2반복으로 배치하였고, 생산력검정 본시험은 시험구 면적 11.2 m2, 재식거리 70×15 cm, 1주2본으로 재배되고 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하여 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 따라 생육특성과 수량성을 조사하였다(RDA 2012).
지역적응시험
지역적응시험(RYT)은 시험지역 경기 연천, 경기 수원, 강원 춘천, 충북 청원, 충남 예산, 전북 익산, 전남 나주, 경북 칠곡, 경남 진주, 제주, 경남 밀양(2011~2012 수행) 및 대구 달성(2013 수행) 등 12개 지역에서 2011년부터 2013년까지 3년간 수행되었다. 재배방법은 시험구 면적 11.2 m2, 재식거리 70×15 cm, 1주2본으로 재배되고 대구, 수원은 난괴법 4반복으로 배치하였으며 이외 지역은 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하였다. 파종기는 6월 중순으로 설정하였고 농업과학기술 연구조사분석 기준에 따라 생육특성 및 수량성을 조사하고 표준품종인 ‘대원콩’과 비교하였다.
내병성검정
콩모자이크바이러스와 불마름병의 자연이병성 검정을 위해 5월 상순에 검정포장에 파종하여 병징이 나타난 개체 수를 조사하여 정도(0-9)로 평가하였다.
콩모자이크바이러스의 저항성 검정을 위해 각 시험 전년도에 접종 및 증식하여 저온 보관해둔 콩모자이크바이러스 G5 (Lim et al. 2003), G6H (Seo et al. 2009), G7H (Kim et al. 2003) 균계를 지닌 이병잎을 마쇄하여 2mole 농도의 인산 나트륨 버퍼에 녹인 후 즙액을 만들어 초생엽 전개시 Carborandom을 이용하여 잎 표면에 상처를 낸 후 접종 하였다. 접종 후 2주 후 접종한 하위엽을, 10일 뒤 상위 엽을 병반 없음(-), 갈색 병반(L), 엽맥 병반(V), 모자익 증상(M), 고사(N), 5가지 병징으로 판별 및 조사 하였다.
불마름병은 8ra 균계를 증식하여 증류수에 희석하고, 흡광도 0.2-0.3의 접종액을 제 2본엽기에 충분히 분무접종하고 습식처리 후 10일이 경과하고, 2회에 걸쳐 잎에 나타난 병징을 조사하였다.
검은뿌리썩음병(Root rot)은 과습포장에 재배하여 자연이병 개체수를 조사하고 전 개체수에 대한 백분율로 나타내었다. 종자 이병립율은 시험구에서 임의로 100립을 3반복으로 추출하여 자반병(Purple seed stain, Cercospora kikuchii), 갈반병(Seed mottling), 미이라병(Phomopsis seed decay, Phomopsis longicolla)의 이병립수를 조사하였다. 콩나방 피해립율(Pod borer damage)은 경기도 연천 콩나방 상습 발병지(경기 연천)에서 피해립율을 조사하였다.
내도복성 및 내탈립성
내도복성 검정을 위해 70×7.5 cm로 2배 밀식 재배하여 시험구 2.8 m2로 난괴법 2반복 배치하여 도복 정도를 조사하였다. 도복 정도는 성숙기에 45° 이상 기울어진 개체의 비율로 등급화(1: 5% 이하, 3: 6~10%, 5: 11~50%, 7: 51~75%, 9: 76% 이상)하였다. 반복 및 연차간 등급을 평균하여 반올림 후 1~9로 최종등급을 표시하였다. 협개열 정도는 내도복성 검정을 위한 시험구에서 성숙기에 접어든 개체의 꼬투리 20개를 채취하여 40℃ 건조기에 48시간 건조 후 꼬투리의 개열 비율을 조사하였다.
품질분석
단백질 함량은 질소 분석기(Elementar Analysen system, US/RapidN111, Germany)를 이용하여 분석하였으며 지방함량 및 지방산 조성분석은 자동유지추출장치(Soxhlet System: BUCHI Labotechnik, B-811, AG, Switzerland)에 넣고 n-hexane으로 3시간 열수 추출한 후 지방함량을 구하였다. 그리고 지방산 조성 분석은 가스크로마토그래피(Agilent, GC 7890A, USA)로 분석하였다.
이소플라본은 성분 분석을 위해 분쇄한 시료 1.0 g을 50% methanol 용액 20 mL에 12시간 실온에서 교반한 뒤 추출액을 여과지(Whatman NO. 2)를 이용하여 여과하였다. 여과된 시료는 다시 HPLC 분석을 위해 0.45 ㎛ 필터를 하였다. 이소플라본 분석은 액체크로마토그래피(Agilent, 1100, USA)로 분석하였다. 이소플라본은 배당체와 비배당체의 함량을 모두 합하여 표시하였다.
두부⋅청국장 및 메주 가공적성 평가
두부는 원료콩 150 g을 10℃에서 15시간 침지 시킨 후 가수량을 10배로 하여 3분간 두부제조기(㈜코코, 코코두부제조기-8800)로 마쇄하고, 여과포에 넣어 압착여과기로 압착(3psi)하여 두유를 얻고, 두유를 스테인레스 용기(Φ15×30 cm)에 담아 가압솥에서 98~100℃로 10분간 가열한 후, 두유를 85℃로 유지시키면서 CaSO4를 2% 첨가하고, 20분간 그대로 정치하여 응고시켰다. 응고물은 두부성형틀에 넣고(12×10×4 cm) 압착성형 하였고, 압착된 두부를 15℃ 정도의 물에 2시간 정도 수침시킨 후 완성된 두부를 시료로 사용하여 물성⋅색차 및 수율을 조사하였다.
청국장은 원료콩 20 g을 15시간 침종 후 121℃에서 15분간 살균하고 청국장 균(bacillus subtilis) 200 ㎕를 접종하여 유산균 발효기(㈜엔유씨전자, NY-3200S)에 치상하였다. 24시간 뒤 끈적임 정도를 ‘대원콩’을 ‘3’으로 하여 1(약)-5(강) 수준으로 평가하고, γ-PGA 함량은 청국장 5 g에 증류수 30 ml를 가하여 낟알이 부서지지 않게 저어 추출한 후 15,000×g에서 10분간 원심분리하여 얻은 상층액을 동결 건조하여 중량을 측정하였다.
메주는 원료콩 2 kg을 세척 후 12시간 동안 수침한 후 5분동안 절수하고 115℃에서 40분간 증자하였다. 증자 후 콩을 압력솥에서 꺼낸 후 넓게 펴 식힌 다음 롤러자동형 메주기계(PIKA®)로 마쇄하고 목재 성형틀에 넣어 성형한 후 10-15℃의 건조실에서 3일 건조하여 겉 말리고, 35±2℃의 발효실에서 볏짚 위에 메주를 올려 14일 동안 발효시킨 후 실외 그늘에 걸어 건조시킨 후 무게를 측정하였다.
육성 과정
‘새금’은 2003년 기계수확 적응성을 높이고자 도복에 강한 ‘대풍’을 모본으로, 내탈립성이 강한 ‘SS98207-3SSD-168 (수원190호/대원콩)’을 부본으로 2003년에 인공교배를 하였다. ‘04~’05년 F1, F2세대를 양성하고, ‘06년 F3-F5세대는 세계 채소 센터(AVRDC, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center)에서 SSD (Single Seed Descent)방법으로 전개하여 세대촉진하고 ‘07년 F6부터 계통으로 전개하고 계통선발법을 통해 선발하였다. ‘09년 생산력검정 예비시험(PYT, Preliminary Yield Trial), ‘10년 생산력검정 본시험(AYT, Advanced Yield Trial)을 통해 표준품종 대비 수량성이 우수한 것으로 평가되어 ‘밀양232호’의 계통명을 부여한 후 ‘11년~’13년 지역적응시험(RYT, Regional Yield Trial)을 수행하였다. 시험결과 불마름병, 내탈립성에 강하고 착협고가 높아 기계수확 적응성과 재배안정성 인정되어 2013년 12월 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회에서 신규품종으로 결정하고 ‘새금’으로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of 'Saegeum', zAVRDC: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, yPreliminary yield trial, xAdvanced yield trial, wRegional yield trial.
KJBS-51-496-f1.jpg
고유특성 및 생육특성
‘새금’은 유한신육형이며 엽형은 난형, 화색은 백색, 모용색은 갈색, 협색은 갈색, 종실은 구형이며 배꼽색은 황색, 종피는 약간의 광택이 있으며 진한 황색을 나타낸다(Table 1). 개화기는 8월 2일, 성숙기는 10월 17일로 대원콩 대비 각각 8일, 3일 늦은 만생종이다. 경장은 79 cm, 착협고는 18 cm, 분지수는 2.3개, 마디수는 16개, 협수는 44개다. 100립중은 25.4 g으로 24.2 g인 ‘대원콩’보다 무겁다. ‘새금’은 특히 착협고가 높고 분지수가 적으며 각도가 좁은 도원추형으로 기계수확 적응성이 높은 초형을 지니고 있다(Table 2).
Table 1
Qualitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’.
Table 1
Cultivar Growth habit Leaflet shape Flower color Pubescence Color Pod color Seed coat color Hilum color Seed shape
Saegeum Determinate Oval White Tawny Brown Yellow Yellow Spherical
Daewonkong Determinate Oval White Gray Yellow Yellow Yellow Spherical
Table 2
Quantitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ determined by regional yield trial in 12 regions from 2011 to 2013.
Table 2
Cultivar Flowering Date (Month, Day) Maturity Date (Month. Day) Height (cm) First Pod Height (cm) No. of nods No. of branch No. of pod 100-seed weight (g) Lodging at field (1-9)z Shattering
Normal culture Density culture Field (1-9)y Ratio by Oven test (%)
Saegeum 8.2 10.17 79 18 16 2.3 44 25.4 2 4 1 0.0
Daewonkong 7.25 10.14 70 11 14 3.2 46 24.2 2 2 1 0.0
t-valuex - - -1.82ns 0.01** -2.42* 3.92** 0.56ns -2.05* - - - -

z(1) Tolerant ~ (9) Susceptible

y(1) No shattering ~ (9) Easy to shattering.

x(ns) non-significant; * and ** were significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 and 0.01 level of probability, respectively, by student t-test.

내도복⋅내탈립 및 내병성
‘새금’은 표준재배양식으로 재배된 시험포장에서 내도복성이 ‘2’로 평가되었고, 2배 밀식재배 시 ‘4’로 평가되었다. 협개열성은 포장에서 ‘1’, 실내검정 시 40℃, 48시간 건조 후 탈립 정도는 0%로 평가되어 탈립에 매우 강하였다(Table 2).
불마름병은 검정결과 시험포장에서 ‘1’, 인공접종 시 ‘1’로 평가되어 각각 ‘3’, ‘5’로 평가된 ‘대원콩’보다 강하였다. 콩모자이크바이러스는 유묘접종 결과 ‘G5’, ‘G6H’, ‘G7H’ 모두 접종엽 국부 반응. 그리고 상위엽에서는 모자이크 반응이 나타났으나 자연이병 검정포장에서는 발병하지 않았다. 검은뿌리 썩음병 이병주율은 2.1%로 대원콩 보다 약하였고 종실 이병립율은 자반병이 0.7%, 갈반병이 0.5%, 미이라병이 1.1%로 조사되어 전체 이병립율 2.3%로 대원콩(1.2%)보다 높았다. 콩나방 피해립율은 3.3%로 조사되었다(Table 3).
Table 3
The resistance of ‘Saegeum’ to the diseases of soybean from 2011 to 2013.
Table 3
Cultivar Bacterial Pustule (0-9)z Root rot (%)y Soybean Mosaic Virusx Percentages of damaged seed (%)y
Field Inoculation Inoculation Field (0-9)z Purple seed stain Seed mottling Phomopsis seed decay Pod borer damage
G5 G6H G7H
Saegeum 1 1 2.1 L/M L/M L/M 0 0.7 0.5 1.1 3.3
Daewonkong 3 5 0.0 L/M L/M L/M 0 0.2 0.6 0.4 3.2

z(0)Tolerant~(9)Susceptible.

yRoot rot and damaged seed that were naturally infected in the field were estimated.

xReaction of inoculated leaf/upper leaves, (-) No symptom, (L) Local reaction, (M) Mosaic.

종실품질 및 가공적성
‘새금’의 단백질 함량은 38.8%, 지방함량은 17.3%, 포화지방산은 13.1%, 불포화 지방산은 86.9%로 분석되었다. 이소플라본은 Daidzein계열 1,086 µg/g, Glycitein계열 387 µg/g, Genistein계열은 1,526 µg/g으로 총 함량은 2,999 µg/g으로 분석되었다(Table 4).
Table 4
Major chemical component of seed in ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to 2013.
Table 4
Cultivar Crude Protein (%) Crude Oil (%) Fatty acids (%) Isoflavone (µg/g)
Saturated Unsaturated Daidzein Glycitein Genistein Total
Saegeum 38.8 17.3 13.1 86.9 1,086 387 1,526 2,999
Daewonkong 38.8 18.3 12.9 87.1 949 394 1,383 2,725
t-valuez 0.51ns 1.86ns -0.13ns 0.13ns -1.18ns 0.05ns -1.05ns -1.39ns

zns is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

두부가공적성 평가결과 두부수율은 287%, 비지수율은 179%였으며 두부의 색차는 밝기(L)가 84, 초록~빨강색(a)값이 0.38, 파랑~노랑색(b)값이 18.3로 ΔE값이 1.4로 대원콩과 비교했을 때 약간의 차이가 있었다. 탄력성은 0.92, 검성은 1,117, 응집성은 0.82, 씹힘성은 1,028, 경도는 1,362 g/3.14 mm2로 평가되었다(Table 5).
Table 5
Characteristics of tofu of ‘Saegeum’ estimated from 2012 to 2013.
Table 5
Cultivar Tofu yield (%) Bean Curd Residue (%) Color valuez Physical characteristics
L a b ΔE Springiness Gumminess Cohesiveness Chewiness Hardness (g/3.14mm2)
Saegeum 287 179 84 0.38 18.3 1.4 0.92 1,117 0.82 1,028 1,362
Daewonkong 283 176 83 1.09 17.7 0.91 1,043 0.83 950 1,258
t-valuey -0.16ns -0.24ns - - - - - - - - -0.69ns

z(L) Lightness, (a) Green~Red, (b) Blue~Yellow, (ΔE) 0.5~1.5%: slight difference.

y‘ns’ is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

장류 가공적성 평가결과는 풍취는 ‘좋음(4)’으로, 메주수율은 83%로 평가되었다. 청국장은 발효정도 ‘좋음(4)’, 풍취 ‘매우 좋음(5)’으로 평가되었고 수율은 202%, γ-PGA가 30 mg/g으로 분석되었다(Table 6).
Table 6
Process-ability of soybean malt and fermentation for ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to2013.
Table 6
Cultivar Soybean malt Fermented soybean
Yield (%) Scent (1-5)z Degree of fermentation (1-5)z Yield (%) Scent (1-5)z γ-PGA (mg/g)
Saegeum 83 4 4 202 5 30.0
Daewonkong 81 4 4 186 4 30.0

z(1) Worst, (2) Bad, (3) Fair, (4) Good, (5) Best.

수량성
‘새금’은 2009년~2010년에 실시한 생산력검정시험에서 평균수량 2.91 ton ha-1로 ‘대원콩’ 대비 9% 증수된 결과를 얻었다(Table 7). 2011년~2013년 12개소에서 실시한 지역적응시험 결과 전국 평균 2.72 ton ha-1로, 전북⋅전남⋅경북⋅경남 등 남부 적응지역에서는 3.02 ton ha-1로 평가되어 표준품종인 ‘대원콩’의 수량과 대등하였다(Table 8).
Table 7
The result of yield trials carried out at Milyang in 2009 and 2010.
Table 7
Cultivar Yield (Ton ha-1) Indexx
PYT ('09)z AYT ('10)y Mean
Saegeum 2.45 3.37 2.91 109
Daewonkong 2.39 2.97 2.68 100

zPYT: Preliminary yield trial.

yAYT: Advanced yield trial.

xMean yield of ‘Saegeum’/mean yield of ‘Daewonkong’×100.

Table 8
The result of regional yield trials carried out at 12 locations from 2011 to 2013.
Table 8
Location Yield (ton ha-1)
Saegeum Daewonkong
2011 2012 2013 Mean Indexz 2011 2012 2013 Mean
Suwon 2.36 2.12 3.04 2.51 103 2.01 2.17 3.10 2.43
Yeoncheon 2.60 2.03 2.69 2.44 95 2.83 1.98 2.89 2.57
Chuncheon 2.43 2.83 3.60 2.95 97 2.87 2.92 3.34 3.04
Yesan 2.66 1.59 2.22 2.16 112 2.53 1.61 1.64 1.93
Cheongwon 2.63 2.25 2.91 2.60 97 2.37 2.27 3.37 2.67
Dalseong - - 3.38 3.38 108 - - 3.13 3.13
Milyang 2.87 3.12 - 2.99 101 2.68 3.26 - 2.97
Iksan 2.48 2.12 3.42 2.67 104 2.40 2.63 2.69 2.57
Naju 2.40 2.41 4.72 3.18 102 2.26 2.36 4.69 3.10
Chilgok 3.80 2.97 3.52 3.43 99 3.27 3.40 3.67 3.45
Jinju 3.05 2.51 2.53 2.70 94 2.60 2.90 3.13 2.88
Jeju 2.01 1.41 1.60 1.67 77 2.14 1.51 2.91 2.19
Adaptable meany 2.92 2.62 3.51 3.02 101 2.64 2.91 3.46 3.01
Overall mean 2.66 2.30 3.06 2.72 99 2.54 2.46 3.14 2.71
t-valuex 0.06ns

zMean yield of ‘Saegeum’ / mean yield of ‘Daewonkong’×100

yMean yield in ‘Dalseong’, ‘Milyang’, ‘Iksan’, ‘Naju’, ‘Chilgok’, and ‘Jinju’.

x‘ns’ is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

재배상의 유의점
‘새금’은 성숙기가 늦은 만생종이므로 남부지역에 재배하였을 경우 수량성 확보에 더 유리하다. 조기파종 및 밀식재배는 과번무로 인한 도복이 될 수 있으므로 파종기 및 재식밀도를 준수해야 한다. 개화기, 착협기 등 수분요구량이 높은 시기에 충분한 관수를 통해 수량을 확보할 수 있도록 관리 할 필요가 있다. 그리고 과습 토양에서는 검은뿌리썩음병이 발생할 수 있으므로 배수가 불량한 토양에서의 재배는 지양해야 한다.
‘새금’은 ‘대풍’을 모본, SS98207-3SSD-168를 부본으로 2003년 인공교배하여 계통육종법에 의하여 개발된 품종이다. 2009~2010년 생산력검정시험에서 수량을 검정하고 표준품종 대비 9% 증수되어 ‘밀양232호’의 계통명을 부여한 후 2011~2013년 12개소에서 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 내탈립성, 내도복성이 강하고 착협고가 높아 기계수확에 적합한 초형으로 평가되어 2013년 농작물 직무육성 심의위원회에 상정하여 ‘새금’으로 명명하고 차년도 신품종 출원 및 국가품종목록등재 과정을 거쳤다. ‘새금’은 유한신육형, 화색이 백색, 종실은 종피와 제색이 황색이면서 모양이 구형인 장류 및 두부용 콩 품종이다. 개화기가 8월 2일, 성숙기가 10월 17일로 만생종이며 경장은 ‘대원콩’ 보다 9 cm크며 주경절수가 16개로 많고, 백립중이 25.4 g인 특성을 지니고 있다. 불마름병과 콩모자이크바이러스는 자연이병포장에서 강한 것으로 조사되었으며 내도복성과 내탈립성 또한 강해 재배에 안정적이다. 두부가공적성은 ‘대원콩’과 비슷한 것으로 평가되었다. 수량성은 지역적응시험 결과 전북⋅전남⋅경북⋅경남 등 적응지역 평균 3.02 ton ha-1로 ‘대원콩’과 대등하다. ‘새금’은 착협고가 18 cm로 높고 분지가 적은 초형에 도복에 강하고 내탈립성이 매우 강해 기계수확 적응성이 높은 품종이다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 연구사업(과제명: 콩 전통식품 가공적성 신품종 육성, 과제번호: PJ01122505)의 지원에 의해 수행되었다.
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Adaptability of the high first pod height, shattering-resistant soybean cultivar ‘Saegeum’ to mechanized harvesting
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(4):496-503.   Published online December 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.4.496
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Adaptability of the high first pod height, shattering-resistant soybean cultivar ‘Saegeum’ to mechanized harvesting
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(4):496-503.   Published online December 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.4.496
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Adaptability of the high first pod height, shattering-resistant soybean cultivar ‘Saegeum’ to mechanized harvesting
Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of 'Saegeum', zAVRDC: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, yPreliminary yield trial, xAdvanced yield trial, wRegional yield trial.

Fig. 1

Adaptability of the high first pod height, shattering-resistant soybean cultivar ‘Saegeum’ to mechanized harvesting

Qualitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’.

Cultivar Growth habit Leaflet shape Flower color Pubescence Color Pod color Seed coat color Hilum color Seed shape
Saegeum Determinate Oval White Tawny Brown Yellow Yellow Spherical
Daewonkong Determinate Oval White Gray Yellow Yellow Yellow Spherical

Quantitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ determined by regional yield trial in 12 regions from 2011 to 2013.

Cultivar Flowering Date (Month, Day) Maturity Date (Month. Day) Height (cm) First Pod Height (cm) No. of nods No. of branch No. of pod 100-seed weight (g) Lodging at field (1-9)z Shattering
Normal culture Density culture Field (1-9)y Ratio by Oven test (%)
Saegeum 8.2 10.17 79 18 16 2.3 44 25.4 2 4 1 0.0
Daewonkong 7.25 10.14 70 11 14 3.2 46 24.2 2 2 1 0.0
t-valuex - - -1.82ns 0.01** -2.42* 3.92** 0.56ns -2.05* - - - -

The resistance of ‘Saegeum’ to the diseases of soybean from 2011 to 2013.

Cultivar Bacterial Pustule (0-9)z Root rot (%)y Soybean Mosaic Virusx Percentages of damaged seed (%)y
Field Inoculation Inoculation Field (0-9)z Purple seed stain Seed mottling Phomopsis seed decay Pod borer damage
G5 G6H G7H
Saegeum 1 1 2.1 L/M L/M L/M 0 0.7 0.5 1.1 3.3
Daewonkong 3 5 0.0 L/M L/M L/M 0 0.2 0.6 0.4 3.2

Major chemical component of seed in ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to 2013.

Cultivar Crude Protein (%) Crude Oil (%) Fatty acids (%) Isoflavone (µg/g)
Saturated Unsaturated Daidzein Glycitein Genistein Total
Saegeum 38.8 17.3 13.1 86.9 1,086 387 1,526 2,999
Daewonkong 38.8 18.3 12.9 87.1 949 394 1,383 2,725
t-valuez 0.51ns 1.86ns -0.13ns 0.13ns -1.18ns 0.05ns -1.05ns -1.39ns

Characteristics of tofu of ‘Saegeum’ estimated from 2012 to 2013.

Cultivar Tofu yield (%) Bean Curd Residue (%) Color valuez Physical characteristics
L a b ΔE Springiness Gumminess Cohesiveness Chewiness Hardness (g/3.14mm2)
Saegeum 287 179 84 0.38 18.3 1.4 0.92 1,117 0.82 1,028 1,362
Daewonkong 283 176 83 1.09 17.7 0.91 1,043 0.83 950 1,258
t-valuey -0.16ns -0.24ns - - - - - - - - -0.69ns

Process-ability of soybean malt and fermentation for ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to2013.

Cultivar Soybean malt Fermented soybean
Yield (%) Scent (1-5)z Degree of fermentation (1-5)z Yield (%) Scent (1-5)z γ-PGA (mg/g)
Saegeum 83 4 4 202 5 30.0
Daewonkong 81 4 4 186 4 30.0

The result of yield trials carried out at Milyang in 2009 and 2010.

Cultivar Yield (Ton ha-1) Indexx
PYT ('09)z AYT ('10)y Mean
Saegeum 2.45 3.37 2.91 109
Daewonkong 2.39 2.97 2.68 100

The result of regional yield trials carried out at 12 locations from 2011 to 2013.

Location Yield (ton ha-1)
Saegeum Daewonkong
2011 2012 2013 Mean Indexz 2011 2012 2013 Mean
Suwon 2.36 2.12 3.04 2.51 103 2.01 2.17 3.10 2.43
Yeoncheon 2.60 2.03 2.69 2.44 95 2.83 1.98 2.89 2.57
Chuncheon 2.43 2.83 3.60 2.95 97 2.87 2.92 3.34 3.04
Yesan 2.66 1.59 2.22 2.16 112 2.53 1.61 1.64 1.93
Cheongwon 2.63 2.25 2.91 2.60 97 2.37 2.27 3.37 2.67
Dalseong - - 3.38 3.38 108 - - 3.13 3.13
Milyang 2.87 3.12 - 2.99 101 2.68 3.26 - 2.97
Iksan 2.48 2.12 3.42 2.67 104 2.40 2.63 2.69 2.57
Naju 2.40 2.41 4.72 3.18 102 2.26 2.36 4.69 3.10
Chilgok 3.80 2.97 3.52 3.43 99 3.27 3.40 3.67 3.45
Jinju 3.05 2.51 2.53 2.70 94 2.60 2.90 3.13 2.88
Jeju 2.01 1.41 1.60 1.67 77 2.14 1.51 2.91 2.19
Adaptable meany 2.92 2.62 3.51 3.02 101 2.64 2.91 3.46 3.01
Overall mean 2.66 2.30 3.06 2.72 99 2.54 2.46 3.14 2.71
t-valuex 0.06ns
Table 1 Qualitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’.
Table 2 Quantitative characteristics of ‘Saegeum’ determined by regional yield trial in 12 regions from 2011 to 2013.

(1) Tolerant ~ (9) Susceptible

(1) No shattering ~ (9) Easy to shattering.

(ns) non-significant; * and ** were significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 and 0.01 level of probability, respectively, by student t-test.

Table 3 The resistance of ‘Saegeum’ to the diseases of soybean from 2011 to 2013.

(0)Tolerant~(9)Susceptible.

Root rot and damaged seed that were naturally infected in the field were estimated.

Reaction of inoculated leaf/upper leaves, (-) No symptom, (L) Local reaction, (M) Mosaic.

Table 4 Major chemical component of seed in ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to 2013.

ns is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

Table 5 Characteristics of tofu of ‘Saegeum’ estimated from 2012 to 2013.

(L) Lightness, (a) Green~Red, (b) Blue~Yellow, (ΔE) 0.5~1.5%: slight difference.

‘ns’ is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

Table 6 Process-ability of soybean malt and fermentation for ‘Saegeum’ from 2012 to2013.

(1) Worst, (2) Bad, (3) Fair, (4) Good, (5) Best.

Table 7 The result of yield trials carried out at Milyang in 2009 and 2010.

PYT: Preliminary yield trial.

AYT: Advanced yield trial.

Mean yield of ‘Saegeum’/mean yield of ‘Daewonkong’×100.

Table 8 The result of regional yield trials carried out at 12 locations from 2011 to 2013.

Mean yield of ‘Saegeum’ / mean yield of ‘Daewonkong’×100

Mean yield in ‘Dalseong’, ‘Milyang’, ‘Iksan’, ‘Naju’, ‘Chilgok’, and ‘Jinju’.

‘ns’ is not significantly different between ‘Saegeum’ and ‘Daewonkong’ at 0.05 level of probability by student t-test.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

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