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기계화 수확 적합 단간 찰수수 “소담찰”

Semi-dwarf Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Variety ‘Sodamchal’ with Waxy Endosperm

Jung-In Kim1, Sung-Kook Kim2, Tae-Wook Jung2, Do-Yeon Kwak1, Ki-Young Kim3, Jee-Yeon Ko1, Koan-Sik Woo2, Seok-Bo Song1, In-Seok Oh1, Myeong-Eun Choe1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2017;49(1):41-46.
Published online: February 28, 2017

1 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원

1 Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA, Miryang 50424, Korea

2 농촌진흥청 중부작물부

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*Corresponding Author (cme0807@korea.kr), +82-55-350-1244, +82-55-352-3059
• Received: February 3, 2017   • Accepted: February 13, 2017

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  • The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)
수수(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)는 쌀, 밀, 옥수수, 보리와 함께 세계 5대 곡물로 2013년에는 117개국 4천2백만 헥타르에 서 6천2백만톤이 생산되었다(FAO 2015). 재배 적응성이 높아 반건조지역, 아열대지역, 열대지역, 온대기후 등에서 폭넓게 재 배되고 있으며, 옥수수와 밀이 자랄 수 없는 척박한 토지에서 재배할 수 있다는 장점에 따라 향후 기후변화 대비 온난화 적응 작물로 주목 받고 있다(Hancock 2000, Paterson et al. 2009).
수수는 우리나라를 포함한 아시아와 아프리카에서는 주로 식량작물로써 종실을 소비하고 유럽에서는 식물체 전체를 사료 용이나 산업용으로 이용하고 있으며(Dykes et al. 2005), 그 이용 방법에 따라 육종 목표가 세분화되는데 주로 종실을 이용하는 경우는 식물체의 키와 측지를 줄여 재배적 안정성을 높이고 수량 성은 높은 무감광성 품종을 육성하는 것이다(Kouressy 2008). 우리나라는 오래 전부터 수수를 이용하여 전통음식인 수수 부꾸 미, 떡, 전통술의 원료로 사용되었으며 주로 혼반용으로 소비하고 있다. 최근 웰빙문화의 확산으로 수수의 건강기능성이 부각되면 서 수수 등 잡곡의 수요와 관련연구가 증가하는 추세이다(Awika et al. 2004). 수수는 페놀화합물로 인한 항산화능, 항염증, 항암효 과(Bralley et al. 2008) 등 건강기능성을 가지는데 유전형에 따라 그 함량의 차이가 있어 이러한 건강기능성은 육종으로 얻을 수 있는 유용형질 중 하나이다(Dykes & Rooney 2006).
수수의 키는 50 cm에서 5 m까지 달하는데 네 개의 단간 유전자(Dw1, Dw2, Dw3, Dw4)에 의해 조절된다고 밝혀져 있으며, 우리나라에서 재배되어 온 재래종은 대부분 키가 2 m가 넘어 도복에 약하여 재배 안정성이 떨어지고, 기계수확이 어려워 노동 력이 많이 필요하다. 수수는 다른 작물과 마찬가지로 장간이 상대적으로 높은 수량성을 갖지만 타 작물(밀, 보리)에 비해 단간유전자가 수확지수에 미치는 영향이 크지 않다(Blum et al. 1997, George-Jaeggli et al. 2011). 즉 3개의 열성유전자 (dw)를 보유하여 키가 170 cm를 초과하지 않아 콤바인을 이용한 기계수확이 가능하면서 우수한 수량성을 가지는 품종 육성이 가능하다(Sleper & Poehlman 2006).
현재까지 국내 수수 육성품종은 국립식량과학원에서 개발된 지역재래 순계분리종 메수수 ‘동안메’와 찰수수 ‘남풍찰’이 있으 나 기계수확이 가능한 단간 찰수수 품종육성이 부재하므로 교배 육종을 통해 키가 작아 쓰러짐에 강한 ‘소담찰’을 육성하였다.
신품종 ‘소담찰’의 특성 및 수량검정 시험은 2012부터 2013까 지 2년간 7개 지역(밀양, 수원, 원주, 괴산, 청원, 익산, 나주)에서 지역적응시험을 수행하여 표준품종 ‘황금찰’ 수수와 난괴법 3반 복으로 배치하였다. 질소, 인산, 가리를 성분량으로 각각 100, 70, 80 kg/ha 시비하고, 퇴비는 10톤을 전량기비로 사용하였다. 재식거리는 주간 20 cm, 휴간 60 cm로 1휴 1열로 재식하였다. 파종기는 2012년은 5월 17일, 2013년은 6월 5일 육묘한 뒤 15일 후에 1주 1본으로 정식 재배하였다. 간장, 이삭길이 등 생육특성은 각 시험구에서 고유특성이 잘 나타나는 균일지역을 선정하여 20주를 조사하였다. 생육 및 수량특성 등 지역적응시험 조사 방법은 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 준 하여 실시하였고(RDA 2012), 7개 지역에서의 2년간 시험성적 의 평균값을 생육 및 수량구성요소의 비교값으로 활용하였다. 종실 성분분석에서 아밀로즈 함량은 비색계(Multiskan Spectrum, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland)를 활용 하여 620 nm에서 측정하였으며(Jeong et al. 2006), 단백질은 Kjeldahl 분석기(2300 Kjeltec Analyzer Unit, FOSS Tecator, Hoeganaes, Sweden)를 활용하여 측정하였고, 항산화성분은 분 쇄된 시료를 80%에탄올로 진탕추출한 추출물을 이용하여 총 폴리페놀은 Gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 총 플라보노이드 함량 은 Catechin equivalent (CE)로 표현하였다(Choi et al. 2006). DPPH, ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 Trolox equivalent (TE)로 표현하였다(Choe et al. 2016). 그 외 조사는 일반성분 ICP (inductively coupled plasma, Optima-3300DV, Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA)로 분석하였다. ‘소담찰’과 대비품종간의 조사 평균값에 대한 유의성 검정은 JMP v.8 (Statistical Discovery, SAS Institute Inc.) 프로그램을 이용하여 t-test를 실시하였다.
육성경위
‘소담찰’은 기계화 수확에 적합한 단간 찰성 신품종으로 장간 붉은 수수 ‘황금찰’과 단간 흰색수수 ‘중모 4001’을 양친으로 2007년 인공교배 후 계통육성 과정을 거쳐 농업적 형질이 우수한 SG07-B-3-1-12-8-3을 선발하여 ‘밀양5호’로 계통명을 부여하였 다. 2012년부터 생산력 검정시험과 지역적응시험(2012~2013, RDA)을 동시에 실시하였고(Fig. 1) 그 결과 ‘밀양5호’는 단간 찰성으로 그 우수성이 인정되어 2013년 12월 농촌진흥청 신품종 선정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정하고 ‘소담찰’로 명명하였다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
KJBS-49-41_F1.gif
고유 특성
‘소담찰’의 고유특성은 타원형의 이삭을 가지고 있는 대비 품종인 ‘황금찰’ 수수와 다른 산수형으로 이삭밀도가 성긴 편이 다. 종피색과 영색은 각각 적갈색과 짙은 갈색이며, 배유특성은 찰성이다(Table 1).
Table 1
Inherent characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 1
Variety Panicle Glume Color Grain Color Endosperm
Shape Density
Sodamchal Obovate Semi Open Dark Brown Red Brown Waxy
Hwanggeumchal Oval Semi compact Dark Brown Red Brown Waxy
일반특성
‘소담찰’의 출수일수는 69일로 ‘황금찰’보다 8일 늦으며, 이삭 길이는 26.3 cm로 황금찰보다 3.2 cm 길다. ‘황금찰’ 대비 간장 은 91 cm로 58 cm 짧고, 줄기직경은 22.0 mm로 4.5 mm 굵어 간장이 짧고 튼튼한 줄기를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있다(Table 2).
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 2
Variety Days to heading Panicle length (cm) Culm length (cm) Thickness of culm (mm) Length of leaf (cm) Width of leaf (cm)
Sodamchal 69ns 26.3* 91*** 22.0*** 57.2*** 8.0ns
Hwanggeumchal 61 23.1 149 17.5 46.8 6.5

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test, while *, **, *** Significant at P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively.

수량 구성 요소에서 주당이삭수는 1.1개, 이삭중은 48.9 g, 이삭당 종실중은 32.5 g, 현곡천립중이 21.1 g으로 ‘황금찰’과 비슷한 수준이었다(Table 3)
Table 3
Yield component analysis of new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 3
Variety No. of panicle /plant Weight of Panicle (g) Weight of grain/panicle (g) 1,000-grain Weight (g)
Sodamchal 1.1* 48.9 ns 32.5 ns 21.1 ns
Hwanggeumchal 1.3 43.0 33.2 20.2

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

내재해성
포장조건에서 2년간 병충해를 등숙기와 수확기에 달관 조사 한 결과, 이삭곰팡이 발생은 ‘황금찰’과 유사한 수준이었으며, 깜부기병 포장 저항성을 보였다. 충해에서는 왕담배나방, 진딧물 류 피해가 황금찰과 유사한 수준이었고 조명나방 피해는 황금찰 대비 발생이 적었으나, 노린재류 발생은 높은 편이었다. 또한 도복은 황금찰에 비해 강한 것으로 나타났다(Table 4).
Table 4
Reaction to major disease and insects and physiological traits of ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 4
Variety Lodgingz) (0~9) Disease (0~9) y) Insect (0~9) x)
Smut Mold Corn borer Heliothinae Aphid Hemiptera
Sodamchal 1 1 5 0 3 3 7
Hwanggeunmchal 5 3 5 5 3 3 1

z)Degree of stem lodging: 0~15%, 1; 16~ 30%, 3; 31~45%, 5; some panicles touch the ground 7; all lay down, 9.

y)Disease degree: symptomless, 0; below 1% of diseased panicle, 1; 1~5%, 3; 6~10%, 5; 11~20% , 7; over 21%, 9.

x)Insect degree: symptomless, 0 ; below 1% of damaged panicle, 1; 1.1~5.0%, 3; 5.1~10.0%, 5; 10.1~20.0%, 7; over 20.1%, 9.

품질특성
‘소담찰’ 수수의 아밀로스 함량은 5.98%로 ‘황금찰’ 대비 0.88% 낮고, 미네랄 성분 중 칼륨은 509.55 mg/100g, 칼슘은 24.31 mg/100g으로 ‘황금찰’ 대비 각각 110.62 mg/100g, 1.49 mg/100g 낮은 수준이며, 마그네슘은 302.58 mg/100g, 나트륨 은 32.21 mg/100g으로 ‘황금찰’ 대비 각각 15.16, 2.57 mg/100g 높게 나타났다(Table 5)
Table 5
Nutrient composition and amylose contents of ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 5
Variety Mineral content(mg/100g) Amylose Content (%)
K Ca Mg Na
Sodamchal 509.55±67.02 24.31±2.32 302.58±34.14 32.21±8.43 5.98±1.08
Hwanggeumchal 620.17±62.14 25.80±3.15 287.42±34.33 29.64±11.37 6.86±0.88

z)All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

항산화성분인 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 14 mgGAE/g, 3.81 mgCE/g으로 ‘황금찰’ 대비 각각 2.54 mgGAE/g 높았고, 0.18 mgGAE/g 낮았다. 항산화활성 비교를 위한 DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 5.17 mgTE/g, ABTS 라디컬 소거능은 11.73 mgTE/g으로 황금찰 대비 각각 1.48, 3.08 mgTE/g 높았다(Table 6).
Table 6
Antioxidant activitiy of ‘Sodamchal’ extracts.
Table 6
Variety Polyphenols content (mgGAE/g) Flavonoids content (mgCE/g) DPPH radical scavenging activity (mgTE/g) ABTS radical scavenging activity (mgTE/g)
Sodamchal 14.00±3.88 3.81±0.19 5.17±1.68 11.73±1.64
Hwanggeumchal 11.46±1.89 3.99±0.29 3.69±0.63 8.65±1.00

z)All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

수량성
2012년 생산력검정시험(밀양) 결과 ‘소담찰’의 ha당 평균 종 실수량은 2.44 ton 으로 평균은‘황금찰’ 대비 79% 높았지만 통계적 유의성이 없었다(Table 7). 이는 당해년도 수수의 개화기 에 잦은 강우로 부분적 불임현성이 다발생하여 수량간 반복성이 떨어진 것으로 추정된다.
Table 7
Grain yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ at regional yield trial(RYT).
Table 7
Variety Grain yield(MT/ha) index
Sodamchal 2.44 ns 1.79
Hwanggeumchal 1.36 1.00

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

2012년에서 2013년까지 2년간 7개 지역에서 실시된 지역적 응시험 결과 연차간 지역간 차이는 있었지만 평균수량성은 2.95 톤으로 ‘황금찰’ 2.99톤과 유사한 수준이었다(Table 8).
Table 8
Grain yield potential of ‘Sodamchal’ at RYT for 2 years.
Table 8
Region Sodamchal Hwanggeumchal
2012 2013 Mean (MT/ha) 2012 2013 Mean (MT/ha)
Suwon 2.13 1.50 1.82 1.18 1.40 1.29
Wonju 4.01 1.84 2.93 4.17 2.77 3.47
Goesan 2.36 - 2.36 1.69 - 1.69
Cheongwon - 2.74 2.74 - 3.50 3.50
Iksan - 4.04 4.04 - 3.89 3.89
Miryang 3.08 2.28 2.68 1.54 3.95 2.75
Naju - 4.08 4.08 - 4.35 4.35
Average 2.90 2.75 2.95 2.15 3.31 2.99
T0.05=0.075314

It means non-significantly different between cultivars at 0.05% level [0.075314<t(0.05,16.69)=0.9409].

z)Yield index is defined as yield of ‘Sodamchal’ divided by ‘Hwanggeumchal’

적응지역 및 재배상 유의점
‘소담찰’은 중생종으로 전국에 재배가 가능하다. 또한, 도복에 강하지만 습해에는 약하므로 과습지나 배수가 불량한 논토양에 서 재배는 피하는 것이 좋다. 출수 이후 조류피해 및 왕담배나방 과 노린재에 대한 적절한 방제가 필요하다.
밭작물 기계화를 위한 키작은 수수의 수요가 높음에 따라 찰성 갈색종피 ‘황금찰’과 단간 흰색 종피 메성 ‘중모4001’를 인공교배하여 육성한 ‘소담찰’의 주요 특성을 요약하면 다음과 같다. ‘소담찰’의 개화기는 ‘황금찰’에 비해 8일 늦고, 키는 91 cm로 ‘황금찰’에 비해 55cm 작은 단간 품종이다. ‘소담찰’의 주당이삭수(1.1개)가 적고 이삭중(48.9 g), 이삭당 종실중(32.5 g), 천립중(21.1 g) 등 수량구성요소는 유사한 수준이었다. 이삭 은 역삼각형이며 영과색이 짙은 갈색이며, 배유의 아밀로스 함량 이 5.98%로 찰수수에 해당하며, DPPH, ABTS 소거 항산화 활성이 ‘황금찰’에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 종실수량은 지역 적응시험 평균 2.95 MT/ha로서 표준품종과 비슷한 수준이다. 소담찰은 단간으로 도복에 강한 특성을 가져 특히 기계수확에 적합한 품종이다(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
A new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’ plant.
KJBS-49-41_F2.gif
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(세부과제명: 기계화 및 작부체계 적합 잡곡 품종 육성, 세부과제번호: PJ01136501207) 의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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  • 5. Choi Y, Lee SM, Chun J, Lee HB, Lee J. Influence of heat treatment on the antioxidant activities and polyphenolic compounds of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushroom. Food Chem 2006. 99: 381-387.
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  • 8. FAO. FAOSYTAT Production: Food and agriculture organization of the united nations division of statistics. http://faostat3.fao.org/borwes/Q/*?E . 2015
  • 9. George-Jaeggli B, Jordan DR, van Osteroom EJ, Hammer GL. Decrease in sorghum grain yield due to the dw3 dwarfing gene is caused by reduction in shoot biomass. Field Crops Res 2011. 124 (2):231-239.
  • 10. Hancock JD. In: Wayne Smith C, Fredericksen RA. Value of sorghum and sorghum co-products in diets for livestock. (Eds). Sorghum: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. 2000. Wiley & Sons, New Yorks: pp. 731-749.
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Semi-dwarf Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Variety ‘Sodamchal’ with Waxy Endosperm
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(1):41-46.   Published online March 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.1.41
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Include:
Semi-dwarf Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Variety ‘Sodamchal’ with Waxy Endosperm
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(1):41-46.   Published online March 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.1.41
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Semi-dwarf Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Variety ‘Sodamchal’ with Waxy Endosperm
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
Fig. 2 A new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’ plant.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Semi-dwarf Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Variety ‘Sodamchal’ with Waxy Endosperm

Inherent characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.

Variety Panicle Glume Color Grain Color Endosperm
Shape Density
Sodamchal Obovate Semi Open Dark Brown Red Brown Waxy
Hwanggeumchal Oval Semi compact Dark Brown Red Brown Waxy

Agronomic characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.

Variety Days to heading Panicle length (cm) Culm length (cm) Thickness of culm (mm) Length of leaf (cm) Width of leaf (cm)
Sodamchal 69ns 26.3* 91*** 22.0*** 57.2*** 8.0ns
Hwanggeumchal 61 23.1 149 17.5 46.8 6.5

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test, while *, **, *** Significant at P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively.

Yield component analysis of new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.

Variety No. of panicle /plant Weight of Panicle (g) Weight of grain/panicle (g) 1,000-grain Weight (g)
Sodamchal 1.1* 48.9 ns 32.5 ns 21.1 ns
Hwanggeumchal 1.3 43.0 33.2 20.2

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

Reaction to major disease and insects and physiological traits of ‘Sodamchal’.

Variety Lodgingz) (0~9) Disease (0~9) y) Insect (0~9) x)
Smut Mold Corn borer Heliothinae Aphid Hemiptera
Sodamchal 1 1 5 0 3 3 7
Hwanggeunmchal 5 3 5 5 3 3 1

z)Degree of stem lodging: 0~15%, 1; 16~ 30%, 3; 31~45%, 5; some panicles touch the ground 7; all lay down, 9.

y)Disease degree: symptomless, 0; below 1% of diseased panicle, 1; 1~5%, 3; 6~10%, 5; 11~20% , 7; over 21%, 9.

x)Insect degree: symptomless, 0 ; below 1% of damaged panicle, 1; 1.1~5.0%, 3; 5.1~10.0%, 5; 10.1~20.0%, 7; over 20.1%, 9.

Nutrient composition and amylose contents of ‘Sodamchal’.

Variety Mineral content(mg/100g) Amylose Content (%)
K Ca Mg Na
Sodamchal 509.55±67.02 24.31±2.32 302.58±34.14 32.21±8.43 5.98±1.08
Hwanggeumchal 620.17±62.14 25.80±3.15 287.42±34.33 29.64±11.37 6.86±0.88

z)All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

Antioxidant activitiy of ‘Sodamchal’ extracts.

Variety Polyphenols content (mgGAE/g) Flavonoids content (mgCE/g) DPPH radical scavenging activity (mgTE/g) ABTS radical scavenging activity (mgTE/g)
Sodamchal 14.00±3.88 3.81±0.19 5.17±1.68 11.73±1.64
Hwanggeumchal 11.46±1.89 3.99±0.29 3.69±0.63 8.65±1.00

z)All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

Grain yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ at regional yield trial(RYT).

Variety Grain yield(MT/ha) index
Sodamchal 2.44 ns 1.79
Hwanggeumchal 1.36 1.00

z)Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

Grain yield potential of ‘Sodamchal’ at RYT for 2 years.

Region Sodamchal Hwanggeumchal
2012 2013 Mean (MT/ha) 2012 2013 Mean (MT/ha)
Suwon 2.13 1.50 1.82 1.18 1.40 1.29
Wonju 4.01 1.84 2.93 4.17 2.77 3.47
Goesan 2.36 - 2.36 1.69 - 1.69
Cheongwon - 2.74 2.74 - 3.50 3.50
Iksan - 4.04 4.04 - 3.89 3.89
Miryang 3.08 2.28 2.68 1.54 3.95 2.75
Naju - 4.08 4.08 - 4.35 4.35
Average 2.90 2.75 2.95 2.15 3.31 2.99
T0.05=0.075314

It means non-significantly different between cultivars at 0.05% level [0.075314<t(0.05,16.69)=0.9409].

z)Yield index is defined as yield of ‘Sodamchal’ divided by ‘Hwanggeumchal’

Table 1 Inherent characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of a new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.

Not significant (ns) in the t-test, while *, **, *** Significant at P<0.05, P<0.001 and P<0.0001, respectively.

Table 3 Yield component analysis of new sorghum variety ‘Sodamchal’.

Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

Table 4 Reaction to major disease and insects and physiological traits of ‘Sodamchal’.

Degree of stem lodging: 0~15%, 1; 16~ 30%, 3; 31~45%, 5; some panicles touch the ground 7; all lay down, 9.

Disease degree: symptomless, 0; below 1% of diseased panicle, 1; 1~5%, 3; 6~10%, 5; 11~20% , 7; over 21%, 9.

Insect degree: symptomless, 0 ; below 1% of damaged panicle, 1; 1.1~5.0%, 3; 5.1~10.0%, 5; 10.1~20.0%, 7; over 20.1%, 9.

Table 5 Nutrient composition and amylose contents of ‘Sodamchal’.

All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

Table 6 Antioxidant activitiy of ‘Sodamchal’ extracts.

All result presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

Table 7 Grain yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ at regional yield trial(RYT).

Not significant (ns) in the t-test.

Table 8 Grain yield potential of ‘Sodamchal’ at RYT for 2 years.

It means non-significantly different between cultivars at 0.05% level [0.075314<t(0.05,16.69)=0.9409].

Yield index is defined as yield of ‘Sodamchal’ divided by ‘Hwanggeumchal’

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

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