1 전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 작물생명과학과
1 Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
2 국립식량과학원
2 National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Korea
3 사조 동아원㈜ 중앙연구소
3 R&D Center, Sajo DongaOne Co., Ltd, Dangjin, 31703, Korea
© Korean Society of Breeding Science. All rights reserved.
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| Source of variation | DF | F-value a | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
| Flour Yield | Ash | Particle Size | Damaged Starch | Lightness | Total Starch | Amylose | |||
|
|
|||||||||
| Megazyme | SD-matic | ||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 68.0*** | 78.6*** | 132.0*** | 492.0*** | 13.6** | 171.7*** | 343.7*** | 56.7*** |
| Year (Y) | 14 | 87.3*** | 81.1*** | 1594.0*** | 594.9*** | 746.7*** | 59.8*** | 109.1*** | 510.4*** |
| G × Y | 14 | 16.5*** | 24.5*** | 119.3*** | 71.0*** | 161.0*** | 23.3*** | 54.5*** | 4.4*** |
|
|
|||||||||
| Source of variation | DF | F-value | |||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Amylogram of Flour | Flour | ||||||||
|
|
|
||||||||
| Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | |||
|
|
|||||||||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 172.7*** | 0.9 | 1.4 | 416.4*** | 0.7 | 249.1*** | 47.0*** | |
| Year (Y) | 14 | 3664.1*** | 582.2*** | 175.1*** | 3019.9*** | 158.9*** | 987.5*** | 244.8*** | |
| G × Y | 14 | 18.7*** | 4.9*** | 12.3*** | 29.0*** | 9.9*** | 40.5*** | 7.1*** | |
|
|
|||||||||
| Source of variation | DF | F-value | |||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Amylogram of Starch | Starch | ||||||||
|
|
|
||||||||
| Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | |||
|
|
|||||||||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 1.3 | 477.5*** | 27.9*** | 91.0*** | 6.8* | 8.9** | 297.6*** | |
| Year (Y) | 14 | 3929.7*** | 1045.4*** | 373.7*** | 2320.5*** | 264.4*** | 447.9*** | 784.2*** | |
| G × Y | 14 | 19.6*** | 34.8*** | 43.6*** | 7.8*** | 46.0*** | 7.6*** | 17.7*** | |
| Cultivar | Flour Yield (%) | Ash (%) | Particle Size (μm) | Damaged Starch (%) | Lightness | Total Starch (%) | Amylose (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Megazyme | SD-matic | |||||||
|
|
||||||||
| 2014 | 69.24a | 0.44a | 64.80b | 4.70a | 5.01a | 93.63a | 69.57b | 23.69b |
| 2015 | 67.76b | 0.42b | 66.95a | 3.83b | 4.92b | 93.12b | 71.98a | 25.01a |
| Baekchal | 67.28 | 0.47 | 74.88 | 5.71 | 4.90 | 93.01 | 70.09 | 6.46 |
| Baekjoong | 71.02 | 0.45 | 79.08 | 6.10 | 6.12 | 92.67 | 70.42 | 28.20 |
| Goso | 67.14 | 0.39 | 50.78 | 2.35 | 4.18 | 94.43 | 69.21 | 29.25 |
| Hojoong | 66.74 | 0.39 | 52.84 | 2.73 | 3.91 | 93.78 | 70.38 | 22.50 |
| Joa | 63.96 | 0.38 | 42.55 | 2.51 | 3.75 | 94.14 | 71.33 | 28.16 |
| Jojoong | 67.42 | 0.41 | 74.37 | 7.64 | 6.42 | 92.82 | 67.49 | 27.78 |
| Jokyung | 72.81 | 0.45 | 75.79 | 5.24 | 5.35 | 93.35 | 73.67 | 28.98 |
| Joongmo2008 | 70.94 | 0.47 | 70.68 | 4.00 | 4.87 | 92.70 | 64.19 | 27.79 |
| Joongmo2012 | 67.69 | 0.42 | 50.04 | 2.38 | 3.62 | 94.06 | 73.07 | 20.50 |
| Jopoom | 67.89 | 0.44 | 67.72 | 2.46 | 4.12 | 92.78 | 73.81 | 28.16 |
| Keumkang | 73.64 | 0.44 | 75.94 | 3.71 | 4.33 | 93.08 | 70.72 | 26.62 |
| Shinmichal1 | 66.15 | 0.45 | 85.44 | 6.56 | 7.96 | 93.15 | 68.96 | 6.29 |
| Suan | 69.83 | 0.45 | 66.48 | 4.68 | 5.26 | 93.30 | 73.53 | 27.11 |
| Uri | 62.35 | 0.40 | 41.36 | 2.12 | 3.99 | 94.18 | 72.09 | 29.14 |
| Younbaek | 72.59 | 0.46 | 80.22 | 5.80 | 5.70 | 93.18 | 72.64 | 28.30 |
| LSD† | 0.99 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.96 |
| Parameters | Flour Yield | Ash | Particle Size | Lightness | Total Starch | Amylose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Megaa | 0.367 | 0.543*b | 0.825*** | -0.672** | -0.273 | -0.317 |
| SD-Matic | 0.218 | 0.478 | 0.782*** | -0.559* | -0.284 | -0.378 |
| Cultivar | Swelling | Amylogram | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Volume (ml) | Power (g) | Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | |
|
|
|
||||||
| 2014 | 19.97a | 12.98b | 390.02a | 248.38a | 533.42a | 141.69a | 285.11a |
| 2015 | 18.88b | 13.42a | 365.49b | 250.04a | 536.98a | 115.47b | 286.98a |
| Baekchal | 29.12 | 17.67 | 867.25 | 416.50 | 619.50 | 450.75 | 203.00 |
| Baekjoong | 16.83 | 12.19 | 281.50 | 202.00 | 472.00 | 79.50 | 270.00 |
| Goso | 18.08 | 12.27 | 278.00 | 220.00 | 543.00 | 58.00 | 323.00 |
| Hojoong | 21.89 | 14.00 | 399.75 | 267.00 | 655.00 | 132.75 | 388.00 |
| Joa | 14.54 | 11.82 | 270.42 | 222.50 | 553.08 | 47.92 | 330.58 |
| Jojoong | 17.46 | 12.61 | 276.33 | 214.17 | 488.42 | 62.17 | 274.25 |
| Jokyung | 16.63 | 12.54 | 247.00 | 190.00 | 419.50 | 57.00 | 229.50 |
| Joongmo2008 | 17.29 | 12.26 | 277.25 | 223.00 | 499.00 | 54.25 | 276.00 |
| Joongmo2012 | 22.24 | 14.13 | 419.50 | 268.50 | 643.75 | 151.00 | 375.25 |
| Jopoom | 17.88 | 12.10 | 269.25 | 199.00 | 476.00 | 70.25 | 277.00 |
| Keumkang | 18.19 | 12.32 | 294.50 | 208.25 | 475.00 | 86.25 | 266.75 |
| Shinmichal1 | 27.96 | 17.72 | 937.75 | 473.50 | 662.75 | 464.25 | 189.25 |
| Suan | 16.25 | 11.94 | 300.50 | 213.25 | 508.75 | 87.25 | 295.50 |
| Uri | 18.46 | 11.75 | 270.00 | 220.50 | 532.00 | 49.50 | 311.50 |
| Younbaek | 18.50 | 12.62 | 276.00 | 199.25 | 478.75 | 76.75 | 279.50 |
| LSD† | 0.38 | 0.35 | 10.23 | 9.77 | 16.36 | 7.04 | 12.43 |
| Cultivar | Swelling | Amylogram | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Volume (ml) | Power (g) | Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | |
|
|
|
||||||
| 2014 | 28.91b | 14.59a | 177.40a | 88.47b | 247.71b | 89.96a | 158.69a |
| 2015 | 29.43a | 13.24b | 179.02a | 118.53a | 258.80a | 76.24b | 155.22b |
| Baekchal | 46.26 | 23.98 | 651.00 | 392.50 | 448.00 | 333.75 | 135.75 |
| Baekjoong | 28.17 | 11.62 | 91.75 | 68.25 | 195.25 | 19.75 | 126.25 |
| Goso | 26.67 | 11.48 | 76.00 | 48.00 | 177.50 | 32.50 | 138.75 |
| Hojoong | 30.55 | 13.74 | 164.50 | 118.75 | 313.25 | 65.75 | 216.50 |
| Joa | 22.50 | 11.87 | 101.25 | 75.00 | 218.75 | 26.00 | 147.50 |
| Jojoong | 25.72 | 11.90 | 115.50 | 88.50 | 227.50 | 21.75 | 137.75 |
| Jokyung | 28.33 | 12.38 | 95.25 | 71.00 | 215.25 | 28.00 | 134.50 |
| Joongmo2008 | 22.07 | 11.74 | 119.25 | 62.75 | 240.75 | 46.50 | 176.25 |
| Joongmo2012 | 30.15 | 13.63 | 206.75 | 151.25 | 398.00 | 66.75 | 258.50 |
| Jopoom | 27.25 | 12.41 | 106.00 | 73.25 | 265.25 | 31.50 | 177.00 |
| Keumkang | 25.00 | 12.87 | 92.00 | 54.25 | 222.75 | 35.25 | 153.50 |
| Shinmichal1 | 45.00 | 24.51 | 551.25 | 145.58 | 202.67 | 432.83 | 80.25 |
| Suan | 25.00 | 12.53 | 82.75 | 50.50 | 189.50 | 27.00 | 142.00 |
| Uri | 27.08 | 12.22 | 124.75 | 89.75 | 283.00 | 41.75 | 185.75 |
| Younbaek | 27.79 | 11.83 | 94.00 | 62.00 | 200.50 | 28.50 | 143.25 |
| LSD† | 0.95 | 0.43 | 7.95 | 7.54 | 11.50 | 7.31 | 7.28 |
| Parameters | Amylose | Starch | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | ||
|
|
||||||||
| Amylose | - | -0.948***a | -0.976*** | -0.976*** | -0.821*** | -0.544* | -0.958*** | 0.213 |
| Flour Swelling Volume | -0.958*** | 0.949*** | 0.926*** | 0.939*** | 0.827*** | 0.621* | 0.905*** | -0.087 |
| Flour Swelling Power | -0.989*** | 0.962*** | 0.965*** | 0.967*** | 0.816*** | 0.528* | 0.950*** | -0.231 |
| Flour Peak Viscosity | -0.990*** | 0.956*** | 0.991*** | -0.979*** | -0.782*** | 0.450 | 0.987*** | -0.324 |
| Flour Holding Strength | -0.979*** | 0.926*** | 0.975*** | 0.961*** | 0.741** | 0.428 | 0.984*** | -0.297 |
| Flour Final Viscosity | -0.756* | 0.623* | 0.638* | 0.657** | 0.569* | 0.560* | 0.644** | 0.248 |
| Flour Breakdown | -0.988*** | 0.966*** | 0.993*** | 0.981*** | 0.780*** | 0.460 | 0.980*** | -0.338 |
| Flour Setback | 0.430 | -0.531 | -0.585* | -0.538* | -0.329 | 0.130 | -0.591* | 0.790*** |
Effects of year, genotype and their interactions on flour characteristics, and swelling and pasting properties of flour and starch of 15 Korean wheat cultivars.
| Source of variation | DF |
F-value
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
| Flour Yield | Ash | Particle Size | Damaged Starch | Lightness | Total Starch | Amylose | |||
|
|
|||||||||
| Megazyme | SD-matic | ||||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 68.0 |
78.6 |
132.0 |
492.0 |
13.6 |
171.7 |
343.7 |
56.7 |
| Year (Y) | 14 | 87.3 |
81.1 |
1594.0 |
594.9 |
746.7 |
59.8 |
109.1 |
510.4 |
| G × Y | 14 | 16.5 |
24.5 |
119.3 |
71.0 |
161.0 |
23.3 |
54.5 |
4.4 |
| Source of variation | DF | F-value | |||||||
| Amylogram of Flour | Flour | ||||||||
| Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | |||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 172.7 |
0.9 | 1.4 | 416.4 |
0.7 | 249.1 |
47.0 |
|
| Year (Y) | 14 | 3664.1 |
582.2 |
175.1 |
3019.9 |
158.9 |
987.5 |
244.8 |
|
| G × Y | 14 | 18.7 |
4.9 |
12.3 |
29.0 |
9.9 |
40.5 |
7.1 |
|
| Source of variation | DF | F-value | |||||||
| Amylogram of Starch | Starch | ||||||||
| Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | |||
| Genotype (G) | 1 | 1.3 | 477.5 |
27.9 |
91.0 |
6.8 |
8.9 |
297.6 |
|
| Year (Y) | 14 | 3929.7 |
1045.4 |
373.7 |
2320.5 |
264.4 |
447.9 |
784.2 |
|
| G × Y | 14 | 19.6 |
34.8 |
43.6 |
7.8 |
46.0 |
7.6 |
17.7 |
|
a*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.
Flour characteristics of 15 Korean wheat cultivars.
| Cultivar | Flour Yield (%) | Ash (%) | Particle Size (μm) | Damaged Starch (%) | Lightness | Total Starch (%) | Amylose (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Megazyme | SD-matic | |||||||
|
|
||||||||
| 2014 | 69.24a | 0.44a | 64.80b | 4.70a | 5.01a | 93.63a | 69.57b | 23.69b |
| 2015 | 67.76b | 0.42b | 66.95a | 3.83b | 4.92b | 93.12b | 71.98a | 25.01a |
| Baekchal | 67.28 | 0.47 | 74.88 | 5.71 | 4.90 | 93.01 | 70.09 | 6.46 |
| Baekjoong | 71.02 | 0.45 | 79.08 | 6.10 | 6.12 | 92.67 | 70.42 | 28.20 |
| Goso | 67.14 | 0.39 | 50.78 | 2.35 | 4.18 | 94.43 | 69.21 | 29.25 |
| Hojoong | 66.74 | 0.39 | 52.84 | 2.73 | 3.91 | 93.78 | 70.38 | 22.50 |
| Joa | 63.96 | 0.38 | 42.55 | 2.51 | 3.75 | 94.14 | 71.33 | 28.16 |
| Jojoong | 67.42 | 0.41 | 74.37 | 7.64 | 6.42 | 92.82 | 67.49 | 27.78 |
| Jokyung | 72.81 | 0.45 | 75.79 | 5.24 | 5.35 | 93.35 | 73.67 | 28.98 |
| Joongmo2008 | 70.94 | 0.47 | 70.68 | 4.00 | 4.87 | 92.70 | 64.19 | 27.79 |
| Joongmo2012 | 67.69 | 0.42 | 50.04 | 2.38 | 3.62 | 94.06 | 73.07 | 20.50 |
| Jopoom | 67.89 | 0.44 | 67.72 | 2.46 | 4.12 | 92.78 | 73.81 | 28.16 |
| Keumkang | 73.64 | 0.44 | 75.94 | 3.71 | 4.33 | 93.08 | 70.72 | 26.62 |
| Shinmichal1 | 66.15 | 0.45 | 85.44 | 6.56 | 7.96 | 93.15 | 68.96 | 6.29 |
| Suan | 69.83 | 0.45 | 66.48 | 4.68 | 5.26 | 93.30 | 73.53 | 27.11 |
| Uri | 62.35 | 0.40 | 41.36 | 2.12 | 3.99 | 94.18 | 72.09 | 29.14 |
| Younbaek | 72.59 | 0.46 | 80.22 | 5.80 | 5.70 | 93.18 | 72.64 | 28.30 |
| LSD |
0.99 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.96 |
†Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
Coefficient of correlation among flour characteristics and damaged starch content.
| Parameters | Flour Yield | Ash | Particle Size | Lightness | Total Starch | Amylose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Mega |
0.367 | 0.543* |
0.825*** | -0.672** | -0.273 | -0.317 |
| SD-Matic | 0.218 | 0.478 | 0.782*** | -0.559* | -0.284 | -0.378 |
aMega and SD-Matic indicate damaged starch was determined by Gibson et al (1992) and SD-meter (Chopin, France), respectively.
b*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.
Swelling and pasting properties of flour from 15 Korean wheat cultivars.
| Cultivar | Swelling | Amylogram | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Volume (ml) | Power (g) | Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | |
|
|
|
||||||
| 2014 | 19.97a | 12.98b | 390.02a | 248.38a | 533.42a | 141.69a | 285.11a |
| 2015 | 18.88b | 13.42a | 365.49b | 250.04a | 536.98a | 115.47b | 286.98a |
| Baekchal | 29.12 | 17.67 | 867.25 | 416.50 | 619.50 | 450.75 | 203.00 |
| Baekjoong | 16.83 | 12.19 | 281.50 | 202.00 | 472.00 | 79.50 | 270.00 |
| Goso | 18.08 | 12.27 | 278.00 | 220.00 | 543.00 | 58.00 | 323.00 |
| Hojoong | 21.89 | 14.00 | 399.75 | 267.00 | 655.00 | 132.75 | 388.00 |
| Joa | 14.54 | 11.82 | 270.42 | 222.50 | 553.08 | 47.92 | 330.58 |
| Jojoong | 17.46 | 12.61 | 276.33 | 214.17 | 488.42 | 62.17 | 274.25 |
| Jokyung | 16.63 | 12.54 | 247.00 | 190.00 | 419.50 | 57.00 | 229.50 |
| Joongmo2008 | 17.29 | 12.26 | 277.25 | 223.00 | 499.00 | 54.25 | 276.00 |
| Joongmo2012 | 22.24 | 14.13 | 419.50 | 268.50 | 643.75 | 151.00 | 375.25 |
| Jopoom | 17.88 | 12.10 | 269.25 | 199.00 | 476.00 | 70.25 | 277.00 |
| Keumkang | 18.19 | 12.32 | 294.50 | 208.25 | 475.00 | 86.25 | 266.75 |
| Shinmichal1 | 27.96 | 17.72 | 937.75 | 473.50 | 662.75 | 464.25 | 189.25 |
| Suan | 16.25 | 11.94 | 300.50 | 213.25 | 508.75 | 87.25 | 295.50 |
| Uri | 18.46 | 11.75 | 270.00 | 220.50 | 532.00 | 49.50 | 311.50 |
| Younbaek | 18.50 | 12.62 | 276.00 | 199.25 | 478.75 | 76.75 | 279.50 |
| LSD |
0.38 | 0.35 | 10.23 | 9.77 | 16.36 | 7.04 | 12.43 |
†Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
Swelling and pasting properties of starch from 15 Korean wheat cultivars.
| Cultivar | Swelling | Amylogram | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Volume (ml) | Power (g) | Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | |
|
|
|
||||||
| 2014 | 28.91b | 14.59a | 177.40a | 88.47b | 247.71b | 89.96a | 158.69a |
| 2015 | 29.43a | 13.24b | 179.02a | 118.53a | 258.80a | 76.24b | 155.22b |
| Baekchal | 46.26 | 23.98 | 651.00 | 392.50 | 448.00 | 333.75 | 135.75 |
| Baekjoong | 28.17 | 11.62 | 91.75 | 68.25 | 195.25 | 19.75 | 126.25 |
| Goso | 26.67 | 11.48 | 76.00 | 48.00 | 177.50 | 32.50 | 138.75 |
| Hojoong | 30.55 | 13.74 | 164.50 | 118.75 | 313.25 | 65.75 | 216.50 |
| Joa | 22.50 | 11.87 | 101.25 | 75.00 | 218.75 | 26.00 | 147.50 |
| Jojoong | 25.72 | 11.90 | 115.50 | 88.50 | 227.50 | 21.75 | 137.75 |
| Jokyung | 28.33 | 12.38 | 95.25 | 71.00 | 215.25 | 28.00 | 134.50 |
| Joongmo2008 | 22.07 | 11.74 | 119.25 | 62.75 | 240.75 | 46.50 | 176.25 |
| Joongmo2012 | 30.15 | 13.63 | 206.75 | 151.25 | 398.00 | 66.75 | 258.50 |
| Jopoom | 27.25 | 12.41 | 106.00 | 73.25 | 265.25 | 31.50 | 177.00 |
| Keumkang | 25.00 | 12.87 | 92.00 | 54.25 | 222.75 | 35.25 | 153.50 |
| Shinmichal1 | 45.00 | 24.51 | 551.25 | 145.58 | 202.67 | 432.83 | 80.25 |
| Suan | 25.00 | 12.53 | 82.75 | 50.50 | 189.50 | 27.00 | 142.00 |
| Uri | 27.08 | 12.22 | 124.75 | 89.75 | 283.00 | 41.75 | 185.75 |
| Younbaek | 27.79 | 11.83 | 94.00 | 62.00 | 200.50 | 28.50 | 143.25 |
| LSD |
0.95 | 0.43 | 7.95 | 7.54 | 11.50 | 7.31 | 7.28 |
†Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
Coefficient of correlation among swelling and pasting properties of flour and starch.
| Parameters | Amylose | Starch | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Swelling Volume | Swelling Power | Peak Viscosity | Holding Strength | Final Viscosity | Breakdown | Setback | ||
|
|
||||||||
| Amylose | - | -0.948*** |
-0.976*** | -0.976*** | -0.821*** | -0.544* | -0.958*** | 0.213 |
| Flour Swelling Volume | -0.958*** | 0.949*** | 0.926*** | 0.939*** | 0.827*** | 0.621* | 0.905*** | -0.087 |
| Flour Swelling Power | -0.989*** | 0.962*** | 0.965*** | 0.967*** | 0.816*** | 0.528* | 0.950*** | -0.231 |
| Flour Peak Viscosity | -0.990*** | 0.956*** | 0.991*** | -0.979*** | -0.782*** | 0.450 | 0.987*** | -0.324 |
| Flour Holding Strength | -0.979*** | 0.926*** | 0.975*** | 0.961*** | 0.741** | 0.428 | 0.984*** | -0.297 |
| Flour Final Viscosity | -0.756* | 0.623* | 0.638* | 0.657** | 0.569* | 0.560* | 0.644** | 0.248 |
| Flour Breakdown | -0.988*** | 0.966*** | 0.993*** | 0.981*** | 0.780*** | 0.460 | 0.980*** | -0.338 |
| Flour Setback | 0.430 | -0.531 | -0.585* | -0.538* | -0.329 | 0.130 | -0.591* | 0.790*** |
a*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.
*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.
Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
Mega and SD-Matic indicate damaged starch was determined by Gibson et al (1992) and SD-meter (Chopin, France), respectively.
*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.
Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
Least significant difference (P < 0.05).
*, ** and *** are significant at P = 0.05, P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively.