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‘보람찬/Pecos’ 재조합 자식 집단을 이용한 수량 및 입형 관련 형질 양적형질 유전자좌 분석

박현수*, 이창민, 서정환, 박송희, 이건미, 박재령, 정오영

QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2025;57(2):131-157.
Published online: June 1, 2025

농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 품종개발과

Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding to Hyun-Su ParkTEL. +82-63-238-5260E-mail. mayoe@korea.kr
• Received: April 15, 2025   • Revised: May 12, 2025   • Accepted: May 16, 2025

Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • QTL Analysis for Heading Date and Yield-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘IS592BB’
    Hyun-Su Park, Jeonghwan Seo, Songhee Park, Jae-Ryoung Park, Keon-Mi Lee, O-Young Jeong
    Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2026; 58(2): 147.     CrossRef
  • Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis for Quality-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between “Boramchan” and “Pecos” Japonica Rice
    Hyun-Su Park, Chang-Min Lee, Jeonghwan Seo, Songhee Park, Hyeonso Ji, Keon-Mi Lee, Jae-Ryoung Park, O-Young Jeong
    Korean Journal of Breeding Science.2025; 57(4): 373.     CrossRef

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QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(2):131-157.   Published online June 1, 2025
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QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(2):131-157.   Published online June 1, 2025
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QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Phenotypic distribution of yield-related traits in the population of 94 RILs derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’ across two years (A-I). The blue and yellow curves and dashed lines represent the density plots and mean values of BP_RIL for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. The blue and yellow inverted triangles represent the mean values of parents for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. BRC: Boramchan, PCS: Pecos.
Fig. 2 Phenotypic distribution of grain-related traits in the population of 94 RILs derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’ across two years (A-D) and path analysis of the causal relationship among grain-related traits to explain 1,000-grain weight variation in 2022 (E) and 2023 (F). The blue and yellow curves and dashed lines represent the density plots and mean values of BP_RIL for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. The blue and yellow inverted triangles represent the mean values of parents for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively. BRC: Boramchan, PCS: Pecos. GL: grain length, GW: grain width, GT: grain thickness, TGW: 1,000-grain weight. Single-headed continuous arrows represent linear dependencies (direct effects) calculated as standardized regression coefficients, while double-headed dotted arrows indicate correlation coefficients between each traits. Blue and red arrows indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. The arrow line thickness represents the proportion of the effect. ** indicates significant at 1% probability level.
Fig. 3 Relationship among yield-related traits. Correlation analysis in 2022 (A) and 2023 (B). Path analysis of the causal relationship among yield-related traits to explain yield variation in 2022 (C) and 2023 (D). HD: heading date, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight, RRG: ratio of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio, Yld: yield. Single-headed continuous arrows represent linear dependencies (direct effects) calculated as standardized regression coefficients, while double-headed dotted arrows indicate correlation coefficients between each traits. Blue and red arrows indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. The arrow line thickness represents the proportion of the effect. Ns and ** indicate no significant and significant at 1% probability level, respectively.
Fig. 4 Genetic map showing the LOD scores and locations of QTLs associated with yield-related traits in the population of 94 RILs derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’ across two years. A: heading date (HD), B: culm length (CL), C: number of spikelets per panicle (NS), D: brown/rough rice ratio (BRR), E: yield. The red and green curves represent LOD scores for the year 2022 and 2023, respectively. The red and green horizontal lines and symbols indicate the positions and names of QTLs for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Fig. 5 Genetic map showing the LOD scores and locations of QTLs associated with grain-related traits in the population of 94 RILs derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’ across two years. A: grain length (GL), B: grain width (GW), GT: grain thickness (GT), D: ratio of length to width (RLW), E: 1,000-grain weight (TGW). The red and green curves represent LOD scores for the year 2022 and 2023, respectively. The red and green horizontal lines and symbols indicate the positions and names of QTLs for the years 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Fig. 6 Effects of Hd1 alleles on the phenotypes of yield-related traits in the BP_RIL population. Violin plots showing the variation in heading date (A), culm length (B), panicle length (C), number of panicles per hill (D), number of spikelets per panicle (E), 1,000-grain weight (F), ratio of ripened grain (G), brown/rough rice ratio (H), and yield (I) by allele types, Hd1+ (Boramchan type) and hd1- (Pecos type). The black rectangles indicate the means of traits. NS, **, and, *** indicate no significant, significance at the 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels by t-test, respectively.
Fig. 7 Effects of Hd1 and Hd6 allele combinations on the phenotype of yield-related traits in the BP_RIL population. Violin plots showing the variation in heading date (A), culm length (B), panicle length (C), number of panicles per hill (D), number of spikelets per panicle (E), 1,000-grain weight (F), ratio of ripened grain (G), brown/rough rice ratio (H), and yield (I) by allele combinations. The black rectangles indicate the means of traits. The same letters on the violin plots indicate that the not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).
Fig. 8 Interaction effects of Hd1 and Hd6 alleles on yield-related traits (A-I). A: heading date, B: culm length, C: panicle length, D: number of panicles per hill, E: number of spikelets per panicle, F: 1,000-grain weight, G: ratio of ripened grain, H: brown/rough rice ratio, I: yield.
Fig. 9 Effects of qGL2 (A), GW5 (B), and qGS10 (C) alleles on the phenotype of grain-related traits in the BP_RIL population. Violin plots showing the variation in grain length, grain width, grain thickness, ratio of length to width, and 1,000-grain weight by allele types of ‘Boramchan’ (qGL2B, gw5-, qGS10B) and ‘Pecos’ (qGL2P, GW5+, qGS10P). The black rectangles indicate the means of traits. NS, **, and, *** indicate no significant, significance at the 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels by t-test, respectively.
Fig. 10 Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 allele combinations on the phenotype of grain-related traits in the BP_RIL population (A-E) and principal component analysis (PCA, F). Violin plots showing the variation in grain length (GL, A), grain width (GW, B), grain thickness (GT, C), ratio of length to width (RLW, D), 1,000-grain weight (TGW, F) by allele combinations. The black rectangles indicate the means of traits. The same letters on the violin plots indicate that the not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). In PCA, BP_RILs were classified by allele combinaitons. PC1: principal component 1, PC2: principal component 2.
Fig. 11 Introgression effect of qGL2 (GL2), GW5, and qGS10 (G10) alleles of ‘Pecos’ on grain and yield-related traits. A: grain length (GL), B: grain width (GW), C: grain thickness (GT), D: ratio of length to width (RLW), E: 1,000-grain weight (TGW), F: number of spikelet per panicle (NS), G: ratio of ripened grain (RRG), H: brown/rough rice ratio (BRR), I: yield (Yld). Single-headed continuous arrows represent linear dependencies (direct effects) calculated as standardized regression coefficients, while double-headed dotted arrows indicate correlation coefficients between each trait. Blue and red arrows indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. The arrow line thickness represents the proportion of the effect. Ns, *, and ** indicate no significant and significant at 5% and 1% probability level, respectively.
QTL Analysis for Yield and Grain-Related Traits Using the Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross between ‘Boramchan’ and ‘Pecos’

QTLs associated with yield-related traits identified in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ (P1) and ‘Pecos’ (P2) during the years 2022-2023.

Traitz QTL
name
Chr.y Position
(cM)
Interval-flanking markers LODx PVEw (%) Addv Candidate
geneu

Left Right
HD qHD3_2022 3 161 chr03_28852757 chr03_31441266 8.7 8.8 -3.54 Hd6
qHD6_2022 6 34 chr06_7822950 chr06_10780360 37.6 65.4 9.13 Hd1
qHD3_2023 3 161 chr03_28852757 chr03_31441266 14.7 8.4 -3.99 Hd6
qHD6_2026 6 33 chr06_7822950 chr06_10780360 42.2 72.9 10.83 Hd1
CL qCL1_2022 1 179 chr01_37052448 chr01_38079312 9.4 22.2 -3.21 SD1
qCL1_2023 1 180 chr1_37052448 chr1_38079312 12.0 20.6 -4.83 SD1
NS qNS2_2022 2 75 chr02_18128941 chr02_19672436 5.0 6.7 -9.55 -
qNS3_2022 3 156 chr03_28852757 chr03_31441266 7.3 16.0 -16.08 Hd6
qNS6_2022 6 30 chr06_7822950 chr06_10780360 19.9 40.4 23.42 Hd1
qNS2_2023 2 75 chr02_18128941 chr02_19672436 5.1 8.1 -9.57 -
qNS3_2023 3 161 chr03_28852757 chr03_31441266 6.8 11.9 -12.61 Hd6
qNS6_2023 6 31 chr06_7822950 chr06_10780360 19.3 44.8 22.41 Hd1
BRR qBRR6_2022 6 29 chr06_5495783 chr06_7822950 14.7 23.0 1.14 Hd1
qBRR6_2023 6 29 chr06_5495783 chr06_7822950 10.1 25.0 1.25 Hd1
Yield qYield6_2022 6 28 chr06_5495783 chr06_7822950 14.3 42.9 2.82 Hd1
qYield6_2023 6 28 chr06_5495783 chr06_7822950 16.0 40.8 3.79 Hd1

QTLs associated with grain-related traits identified in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ (P1) and ‘Pecos’ (P2) during the years 2022-2023.

Traitz QTL
name
Chr.y Position
(cM)
Interval-flanking markers LODx PVEw (%) Addv Candidate
geneu

Left Right
GL qGL2_2022 2 76 chr02_19672436 chr02_19888551 8.7 27.0 -0.12 OML4 (LARGE1/EHD6)
qGL5_2022 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 6.8 21.1 -0.10 qSW5/GW5
qGL2_2023 2 75 chr02_18128941 chr02_19672436 7.4 13.5 -0.08 OML4 (LARGE1/EHD6)
qGL5_2023 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 14.0 31.3 -0.13 qSW5/GW5
GW qGW5_2022 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 31.2 68.5 0.18 qSW5/GW5
qGW10_2022 10 89 chr10_21256365 chr10_21389928 7.5 6.9 0.06 GW10 etc.
qGW5_2023 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 34.8 69.9 0.16 qSW5/GW5
qGW10_2023 10 89 chr10_21256365 chr10_21389928 8.8 8.2 0.05 GW10 etc.
GT qGT5_2022 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 16.5 47.5 0.09 qSW5/GW5
qGT10_2022 10 85 chr10_20358666 chr10_21047555 6.8 15.0 0.05 GW10 etc.
qGT5_2023 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 18.5 48.9 0.08 qSW5/GW5
qGT10_2023 10 80 chr10_19473918 chr10_19618705 5.8 11.5 0.04 GW10 etc.
RLW qRLW5_2022 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 29.9 71.6 -0.14 qSW5/GW5
qRLW5_2023 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 47.8 76.2 -0.16 qSW5/GW5
TGW qTGW5_2022 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 10.3 26.3 1.24 qSW5/GW5
qTGW10_2022 10 92 chr10_21823138 chr10_21931430 9.0 21.6 1.13 GW10 etc.
qTGW5_2023 5 34 chr05_4783888 chr05_5339085 14.6 42.9 1.64 qSW5/GW5
qTGW10_2023 10 92 chr10_21823138 chr10_21931430 6.1 15.0 0.97 GW10 etc.

Effects of Hd1, Hd6, and SD1 alleles on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

Allele typez n HDy (DAS) CL
(cm)
PL
(cm)
PN NS TGW
(g)
RRG
(%)
BRR
(%)
Yield
(g/plant)
Hd1+ 50 113** 81** 20.6ns 10.5** 163** 23.8** 85.1** 81.0** 29.6**
hd1- 44 94 72 20.3 11.3 119 21.8 72.3 78.2 20.4
hd6- 28 106ns 77ns 21.0* 11.1ns 144ns 23.5ns 84.1** 80.3ns 26.8ns
Hd6+ 66 103 77 20.2 10.8 142 22.6 77.0 79.5 24.6
sd1- 47 103ns 73** 20.6ns 10.9ns 143ns 23.1ns 79.4ns 80.1ns 25.4ns
SD1+ 47 105 80 20.4 10.9 142 22.6 78.8 79.3 25.2

Effects of Hd1 and Hd6 allele combinations on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

Allele combinationz n HDy (DAS) CL
(cm)
PL
(cm)
PN NS TGW
(g)
RRG
(%)
BRR
(%)
Yield
(g/plant)
Hd1+-Hd6+ 27 116ax 84a 20.1b 10.2c 171a 23.5a 84.0a 80.8a 30.4a
Hd1+-hd6- 23 109b 77b 21.2a 10.9bc 153b 24.1a 86.3a 81.2a 28.7a
hd1--Hd6+ 39 94c 71c 20.3ab 11.2ab 121c 22.0ab 72.1b 78.5b 20.7b
hd1--hd6- 5 92d 75bc 20.3ab 11.9a 105d 20.8b 73.9b 76.3c 18.2b

Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 alleles on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

Allele typez n HDy (DAS) CL
(cm)
PL
(cm)
PN NS TGW
(g)
RRG
(%)
BRR
(%)
Yield
(g/plant)
qGL2B 51 101** 74** 20.1** 11.2** 130** 22.1** 76.7* 79.4ns 24.0*
qGL2P 43 107 80 20.9 10.5 157 23.8 82.0 80.1 26.8
gw5- 49 106* 77ns 20.6ns 10.8ns 142ns 24.5** 82.9** 80.7** 27.4**
GW5+ 45 101 76 20.4 10.9 143 21.0 74.9 78.6 23.0
qGS10B 45 106* 78* 20.8* 10.8ns 150* 24.5** 77.4ns 80.0ns 27.6**
qGS10P 49 102 75 20.2 10.9 136 21.4 80.6 79.4 23.2

Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 allele combinations on the phenotype of grain-related traits.

Allele combinationz n GLy GW GT RLW TGW
qGL2B-gw5--qGS10B 11 5.14dx 3.17ab 2.15a 1.62d 24.0b
qGL2B-gw5--qGS10P 14 5.21d 3.10b 2.05b 1.69cd 22.4c
qGL2B-GW5+-qGS10B 11 5.46bc 2.88c 1.96c 1.91b 22.2c
qGL2B-GW5+-qGS10P 15 5.43c 2.76d 1.91cd 1.97ab 20.3d
qGL2P-gw5--qGS10B 18 5.50bc 3.23a 2.16a 1.70c 26.5a
qGL2P-gw5--qGS10P 6 5.37c 3.11b 2.10ab 1.73c 24.4b
qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10B 5 5.84a 2.86c 1.96c 2.05a 23.4bc
qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10P 14 5.61b 2.75d 1.87d 2.04a 20.1d

Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 allele combinations on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

Allele combinationz n HDy (DAS) CL
(cm)
PL
(cm)
PN NS TGW
(g)
RRG
(%)
BRR
(%)
Yield
(g/plant)
qGL2B-gw5--qGS10B 11 109abx 75bc 20.3ab 11.3a 142ab 24.0b 72.4bc 80.0bc 28.4ab
qGL2B-gw5--qGS10P 14 100bc 72c 19.6b 11.2a 118b 22.4c 86.3a 80.6ab 23.5cd
qGL2B-GW5+-qGS10B 11 104abc 77bc 20.1ab 11.1a 150a 22.2c 73.7bc 79.1bcd 26.6bc
qGL2B-GW5+-qGS10P 15 95c 72c 20.5ab 11.2a 119b 20.3d 72.9bc 78.1d 19.5d
qGL2P-gw5--qGS10B 18 108ab 81ab 21.3a 10.3a 152a 26.5a 85.3a 80.8ab 28.5ab
qGL2P-gw5--qGS10P 6 113a 84a 21.1a 10.8a 167a 24.4b 87.1a 82.1a 31.7a
qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10B 5 100bc 80ab 21.3a 10.9a 159a 23.4bc 68.4c 79.4bcd 24.5bc
qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10P 14 105ab 78abc 20.1ab 10.5a 158a 20.1d 80.5ab 78.5cd 23.4cd
Table 1 QTLs associated with yield-related traits identified in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ (P1) and ‘Pecos’ (P2) during the years 2022-2023.

zHD: heading date, CL: culm length, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio.

yChromosome number, xLogarithm of the odds score, wPhenotypic variation explained by the QTL.

vAdditive effect, add=(P1-P2)/2, the positive value of the additive effect indicates that the allele from Boramchan (P1) contributes to an increase in the trait value.

uHd6: Os03g0762000 (chr03:31508813..31514460), Hd1: Os06g0275000 (chr06:9336376..9338569), SD1: Os01g0883800 (chr01:38382385..38385469), OML4: Os02g0517531 (chr02:18769958..18777995)

Table 2 QTLs associated with grain-related traits identified in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between ‘Boramchan’ (P1) and ‘Pecos’ (P2) during the years 2022-2023.

zGL: grain length, GW: grain width, GT: grain thickness, RLW: ratio of length to width, TGW: 1,000-grain weight.

yChromosome number, xLogarithm of the odds score, wPhenotypic variation explained by the QTL.

vAdditive effect, add=(P1-P2)/2, the positive value of the additive effect indicates that the allele from Boramchan (P1) contributes to an increase in the trait value.

uOML4: Os02g0517531 (chr02:18769958..18777995), qSW5/GW5: Os05g0187500 (chr05:5365122..5366701), GW10: Os10g0515400 (chr10:19863346..19865997).

Table 3 Effects of Hd1, Hd6, and SD1 alleles on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

zBoramchan: Hd1+, hd6-, sd1-, Pecos: hd1-, Hd6+, SD1+.

yHD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight,RRG: ratio of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio.

NS, *, and ** mean no significant, significant p<0.05, and p<0.01 by t-test, respectively.

Table 4 Effects of Hd1 and Hd6 allele combinations on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

zBoramchan: Hd1+-hd6-, Pecos: hd1--Hd6+.

yHD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio.

xMeans with same letters in a column are not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).

Table 5 Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 alleles on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

zBoramchan: qGL2B, gw5-, qGS10B, Pecos: qGL2P, GW5+, qGS10P.

yHD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio.

NS, *, and ** mean no significant, significant p<0.05, and p<0.01 by t-test, respectively.

Table 6 Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 allele combinations on the phenotype of grain-related traits.

zBoramchan: qGL2B-gw5--qGS10B, Pecos: qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10P.

yGL: grain length, GW: grain width, GT: grain thickness, RLW: ratio of length to width, TGW: 1,000-grain weight.

xMeans with same letters in a column are not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).

Table 7 Effects of qGL2, GW5, and qGS10 allele combinations on the phenotype of yield-related traits.

zBoramchan: qGL2B-gw5--qGS10B, Pecos: qGL2P-GW5+-qGS10P.

yHD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio.

xMeans with same letters in a column are not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).