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밀의 면역원성을 줄이기 위한 최신 연구 동향 소개

이소라*, 이종열, 이시철, 심재령, 김세원, 조우석

Latest Research Trends in Reducing the Immunogenicity of Wheat

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2025;57(2):65-89.
Published online: June 1, 2025

농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업생명자원부

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding to Sora LeeTEL. +82-63-2384628E-mail. sora19@korea.kr
• Received: January 20, 2025   • Revised: April 15, 2025   • Accepted: May 11, 2025

Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Quality characteristics of lean bread with partial substitution of wheat flour by ‘Baromi2’ rice flour
    Hyeong Seop Kim, Sung Huo Kim, Yeong Eun Kim, Seok Ho Son, Sung Hoon Park
    Food Engineering Progress.2025; 29(4): 276.     CrossRef

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Latest Research Trends in Reducing the Immunogenicity of Wheat
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Classification of gluten proteins by solubility and content of cysteine residue in common wheat. HMW-GS (high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit) and LMW-GS (low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit).
Fig. 2 A representation of gluten protein structures as amino acids deduced from their genes. The position of cysteine residues involved in the formation of interchain and intrachain disulfide bonds is indicated by numbers. Cysteine residues forming intrachain disulfide bonds are linked in a chain.
Fig. 3 Diagrams representing the gluten polymers linked by forming interchain disulfide bonds between x- and y-type HMW-GS and LMW-GS.
Fig. 4 RP-UPLC profiles of gluten proteins in glutenin (A) and gliadin fraction (B) from reference wheat cultivar Chinese Spring.
Latest Research Trends in Reducing the Immunogenicity of Wheat

Genetic loci of gluten proteins in common wheat.

Protein type Chromosome arm Locus
Gliadins
γ-, ω5-, and ω1,2-gliadins 1AS, 1BS, 1DS Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1,
Gli-A3, Gli-B3, Gli-D3,
Gli-A2, Gli-B2, Gli-D2
α/β-gliadins 6AS, 6BS, 6DS
Glutenins
HMW-GS 1AL, 1BL, 1DL Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1
LMW-GS 1AS, 1BS, 1DS Glu-A3, Glu-B3, Glu-D3

Distribution of celiac disease (CD)-related epitopes in the full-length gluten genes of ‘Chinese Spring’.

Gene Amino acid sequence of CD-relevant epitope The number of epitope
α-gliadins
α-A1 QGSFQPSQQ 1
α-A2 QGSFQPSQQ 1
α-A4 PFPQPQLPY, FRPQQPYPQ 2
α-A5 PFPQPQLPY, FRPQQPYPQ 2
α-A6 PFPQPQLPY, FRPQQPYPQ 2
α-A8 PFPQPQLPY, FRPQQPYPQ 2
α-A9 PFPQPQLPY 1
α-A10 PFPQPQLPY, FRPQQPYPQ 2
α-B3 QGSFQPSQQ 1
α-B25 QGSFQPSQQ 1
α-D1 QGSFQPSQQ 1
α-D4 PFPQPQLPY, PQPQLPYPQ, FRPQQPYPQ 3
α-D5z PFPQPQLPY, PYPQPQLPY, PQPQLPYPQ (2), FRPQQPYPQ, QGSFQPSQQ 6
α-D6 PFPQPQLPY, PYPQPQLPY, PQPQLPYPQ, QGSFQPSQQ 4
α-D8 PFPQPQLPY, PYPQPQLPY, PQPQLPYPQ, FRPQQPYPQ, QGSFQPSQQ 5
α-D9 PFPQPQLPY, PYPQPQLPY, PQPQLPYPQ, FRPQQPYPQ, QGSFQPSQQ 5
γ-gliadins
γ-A1 IQPQQPAQL, QQPQQPFPQ (6), QQPFPQQPQ (2), PFPQPQQPF 10
γ-A3 PQQSFPQQQ, QQPQQPFPQ (4) 5
γ-A4 PQQSFPQQQ, QQPQQPFPQ (4) 5
γ-B1 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, PQPQQQFPQ, QQPQQPFPQ (3), PQPQQPFCQ, PFPQPQQPF 8
γ-B2 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, PQPQQQFPQ, QQPQQPFPQ (3) 6
γ-B4 PQQSFPQQQ, PQPQQQFPQ, QQPQQPFPQ (5), QQPFPQQPQ (3) 10
γ-B6 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, QQPQQPYPQ, QQPQQPFPQ (2) 5
γ-D1 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, QQPQQPFPQ (3), PQPQQPFCQ, PFPQPQQPF 7
γ-D2 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, QQPQQPFPQ (5), QQPFPQQPQ (3) 10
γ-D3 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, QQPQQPYPQ, SQPQQQFPQ, QQPQQPFPQ, QQPFPQQPQ 6
γ-D4 PQQSFPQQQ, IQPQQPAQL, PQPQQQFPQ, QQPQQPFPQ (4), QQPFPQQPQ 6
ω-gliadins
ω-A4y QQPQQPFPQ, QQPFPQQPQ (2) 3
ω-D1 QQPQQPFPQ (5), QQPFPQQPQ (5), PFPQPQQPF, PQPQQPFPW 12
ω-D2 QQPQQPFPQ (7), QQPFPQQPQ (7), PFPQPQQPF, PQPQQPFPW 16
ω-D3 QQPQQPFPQ (7), QQPFPQQPQ (7), PFPQPQQPF, PQPQQPFPW 16
LMW-GS
LMW-A2 FSQQQQSPF 1
LMW-B2 PFSQQQQPV 1
LMW-B3 PFSQQQQPV (2) 2
LMW-D1 PFSQQQQPV (2) 2
LMW-D2 PFSQQQQPV 1
LMW-D6 PFSQQQQPV (3) 3
LMW-D7 PFSQQQQPV 1

Distribution of WDEIA epitopes in the full-length gluten genes of ‘Chinese Spring’.

Gene Amino acid sequence of WDEIA epitope The number of epitope
ω-gliadins
ω-B3 QQIPQQQ (3), QQFPQQQ (16), QQSPQQQ 20
ω-B6 QQIPQQQ (4), QQFPQQQ (16), QQSPEQQ, QQSPQQQ 22
ω-D4z QQIPQQQ (5), QQFPQQQ (16) 21
LMW-GS
LMW-B3 QQFPQQQ 1
LMW-B4 QQFPQQQ 1
LMW-D6 QQFPQQQ 1

Regulation of gluten proteins for reducing immunogenic potential in wheat.

Method Mutagen Main findingz Reference

Mutagenesis Gamma-ray α- and γ-gliadins (-) Shaw et al. 2013

Method Target gene Main finding Reference
RNAi ω5-gliadins ω5- and ω1,2-gliadins (-) Altenbach et al. 2014a
ω5-gliadins ω5- and ω1,2-gliadins, HMW-GS, s-type LMW-GS (-);α-gliadins, m-type LMW-GS (+) Altenbach et al. 2014b
ω5-gliadins ω5-gliadins, IgE responses (-) Altenbach & Allen 2011, Altenbach et al. 2015
ω1,2-gliadins LMW-GS (-);HMW-GS, non-gluten proteins (globulins, triticins, purinins) (+) Altenbach et al. 2019
γ-gliadins γ-gliadins (-); other gluten proteins (+); amino acid (0) Gil-Humanes et al. 2008, Pistón et al. 2011
α-gliadins α-gliadins, dough extensibility (-);ω- and γ-gliadins, HMW-GS, albumins/globulins, gluten resistance (+) Becker et al. 2012
α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins (-); HMW-GS (+) Gil-Humanes et al. 2010, 2014a, b, Pistón et al. 2013
α/β-, ω-, and γ-gliadins Gliadins, fructans linked with NCGS (-) Marín-Sanz et al. 2022
α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins Gliadins, LMW-GS (-);non-gluten proteins, total nitrogen (+); HMW-GS (0) Marín-Sanz & Barro. 2022
α-gliadins, HMW-GS α-gliadins, HMW-GS, reactivity of IgG and IgA antibidies, mixing properties, dough strength (-) Altenbach et al. 2020b
α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins, LMW-GS α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins, LMW-GS (-); HMW-GS (+);total protein, starch contents (0) Barro et al. 2016
α/β-, ω-, and γ-gliadins, LMW-GS Gliadins, LMW-GS, key epitopes (DQ2.5) (-); HMW-GS (+) Sánchez-León et al. 2019
Secalins Secalins, ω- and γ-gliadins, LMW-GS, farinins (-);α-gliadins, triticins, y-type HMW-GS (+) Blechl et al. 2016
ω-secalins ω-secalins, ω- and γ-gliadins (-); α-gliadins, HMW-GS (±) Zhou et al. 2021
CRISPR/Cas9 Gli-γ1-1D, Gli-γ2-1B γ-gliadins, gluten epitopes (-) Liu et al. 2023
α-gliadins α-gliadins, immunoreactivity (-) Sánchez-León et al. 2019
a- and γ-gliadins α-gliadins, immunogenicity (-); baking quality (0) Jouanin et al. 2019, 2020
ω- and γ-gliadins ω- and γ-gliadins, immunoreactivity (-);α/β-gliadins, end-use quality (0) Yu et al. 2023

Regulation of gluten proteins for improving wheat quality related to end-use traits.

Method Mutagen Main findingz Reference
Mutagenesis Gamma-ray Gliadins, ratio of glutenin to gliadin, baking quality (+) Kozub et al. 2013
Gamma-ray Wet gluten, dough stability, resistance to dough extension (+) Rahemi et al. 2015
Gamma-ray Wet gluten, HMW-GS, Farinograph parameters (±) Liu et al. 2023
EMS HMW-GS, dough stability time, viscoelasticity (-);α- and γ-gliadins (+) Yang et al. 2023
EMS Pelshenke value, sedimentation value, dough quality (+) Kalia et al. 2000
Nitrosomethylureas Gliadins, glutenins, baking quality (+) Nazarenko et al. 2023
Sodium azide Dough softening, dough stability, rheological quality (+) Mangova & Rachovska 2004

Method Target gene Main finding Reference

RNAi ω5-gliadins ω5- and ω1,2-gliadins (-); mixing time and tolerance (+) Altenbach et al. 2014a
γ-gliadins Mixing tolerance, other prolamines (+) Gil-Humanes et al. 2012
α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins α-, ω-, and γ-gliadins (-);HMW-GS, lysine, dough and nutritional properties (+);total nitrogen, baking and organoleptic properties (0) Gil-Humanes et al. 2010, 2014a, b, Pistón et al. 2013
Secalins Secalins, y-type HMW-GS, mixing properties (+) Blechl et al. 2016
CRISPR/Cas9 Gli-γ1-1D, Gli-γ2-1B γ-gliadins (-); end-use quality (+) Liu et al. 2023
α-gliadins Dough viscosity (+) Sánchez-León et al. 2019

zSigns in parentheses indicate plant responses as follows: (+) increase; (-) decrease; (±) inconsistent; (0) no effects.

Table 1 Genetic loci of gluten proteins in common wheat.
Table 2 Distribution of celiac disease (CD)-related epitopes in the full-length gluten genes of ‘Chinese Spring’.

zAlso contains 33-mer toxic peptide (LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF).

yStop codon near 3' end of gene results in truncated protein.

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of corresponding sequences.

Table 3 Distribution of WDEIA epitopes in the full-length gluten genes of ‘Chinese Spring’.

zStop codon near 3' end of gene results in truncated protein.

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of corresponding sequences.

Table 4 Regulation of gluten proteins for reducing immunogenic potential in wheat.

zSigns in parentheses indicate plant responses as follows: (+) increase; (-) decrease; (±) inconsistent; (0) no effects.

Table 5 Regulation of gluten proteins for improving wheat quality related to end-use traits.

zSigns in parentheses indicate plant responses as follows: (+) increase; (-) decrease; (±) inconsistent; (0) no effects.