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New Cultivar Developed

낟알이 부드럽고 더 굵은 흰색 찰기장 ‘연희찰’

추지호1,*, 고지연1, 송석보2, 최명은2, 한상익1, 곽도연3

‘Yeonheechal’: A Soft, Large, White, and Glutinous Proso Millet Variety (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Ji Ho Chu1,*, Ji Yeon Ko1, Seok Bo Song2, Myeong Eun Choi2, Sang Ik Han1, Do Yeon Kwak3
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2023;55(4):409-414.
Published online: December 1, 2023

1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부 밭작물개발과

2농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원

3농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: chugho@korea.kr, Tel: +82-55-350-1233, Fax: +82-55-355-3050)
• Received: November 3, 2023   • Revised: November 24, 2023   • Accepted: November 24, 2023

Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a highly adaptive, short-duration crop that is grown in Korea for food, feed, and fodder. ‘Yeonheechal’ is a variety of proso millet that was developed in 2013. This variety is a cross between Hwanggeumgijang (K263691) and IT297382. In terms of its phenotype, ‘Yeonheechal’ is erect and possesses drooping panicles. Regarding its growth-related outcomes, ‘Yeonheechal’ was found to have a growth period of 90 days. The culm and panicle lengths of this variety were 144 and 33.6 cm, respectively. These structures were both shorter than those of ‘Leebaekchal.’ Additionally, the weight of 1,000 seeds was 5.3 and 4.5 g in terms of husked and dehusked grains, respectively. The husked and dehusked grains were white and yellow, respectively, consisting of a characteristically glutinous endosperm. The yield potential of ‘Yeonheechal’ was approximately 2.67-ton ha-1 in the regional yield trials conducted from 2017 to 2019. The hardness of this variety’s grain was 1,749 gf, making it softer than that of ‘Leebaekchal’ (i.e., 2,158 gf) (Registration number: 9104).
  • Keywords: Proso millet; Variety; Yeonheechal; Millet
기장(Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L.)은 진주조(Pennisetum glaucum L.), 손가락조(Eleusine coracana L.), 조(Setaria italica L.)와 더불어 소립 화본과 작물을 뜻하는 밀렛류(millet)로 구분되는 작물로 밀렛류는 우리나라에선 생소한 용어이지만 전세계적으로는 6번째로 생산량이 많은 식량작물이다(Saleh 2013). 기장은 기원전 2,000년경부터 경작해온 것으로 알려져 식량작물로 활용된 역사가 긴 작물 중 하나이다. 우리나라에서는 청동기 시대 유적에서 저장된 기장이 출토된 것으로 미루어 보아 선사시대부터 기장을 재배해 왔음을 알 수 있다.
최근 들어 소비자들의 건강에 대한 관심도가 높아지며 다양한 형태의 건강기능식품 및 식료가 개발되고 있다. 기장에는 단백질, 지방, 비타민A 등이 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며(Ha & Lee 2001). 쌀보다 섬유질은 많고 탄수화물이 적어서(Saleh 2013) 식이조절에 용이한 특성을 가지고 있다. 또한 기장에는 체내 각질세포의 물질대사와 증식을 촉진하는 성분인 밀리아신(Miliacin)이 다량 함유되어(Boisnic et al. 2016) 있다고 알려져 다양한 측면에 기장이 기능성 작물로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
전세계적으로 기장은 사일리지, 건초와 같은 가축사료 등 다양한 용도로 사용되고 있으나(Oelke et al. 1990) 우리나라에서는 주로 밥에 넣어 먹는 혼반용이나 술을 빚는데 소비되고 있다. 쌀의 경우 밥을 지을 때 경도가 낮아질수록 식미평가에서 선호도가 증가하는 경향(Tao 2019)을 보이는 것으로 알려져 혼반용으로 주로 사용되는 기장 역시 낟알의 경도가 낮은 품종을 개발할 필요가 있다. 현재 기장 보급종으로서 전국에 보급되고 있는 품종은 이백찰과 금실찰이다. 이백찰은 천립중이 4.2 g(Ko 2015), 금실찰은 4.7 g(Ko 2018)으로 종자 무게가 가벼운 품종이다. 따라서 종실이 크고 낟알의 경도가 낮은 찰기장 품종을 개발하고자 하였다.
지금까지 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 6개의 기장 품종을 개발한 바 있으나, 모두 수집된 자원의 순계분리를 통해 개발한 품종이다. 기장을 비롯한 밀렛류 작물은 이삭이 작아 제웅과정이 어려워 교배 효율이 낮았기 때문에 순계분리육종을 통한 품종 개발이 주로 이루어졌다(K.N. Ganapathy et al. 2021). 최근에 집단제정법 및 개열제웅 교배방법을 통해 효율적인 인공교배법이 확립되었다. 그 결과, 인공교배를 통해 처음으로 육성된 기장 품종인 ‘연희찰’에 대해 보고하고자 한다.
육성 과정
‘연희찰’은 2011년 강원도농업기술원에서 분양받은 황금기장(K263691)을 모본, 2012년 일본에서 분양받은 Yoshino murazairai(IT297382)를 부본으로 2013년 동계온실에서 교배하고 계통육종법에 따라 육성되었다(Fig. 1). 2014년 F1세대 집단전개, 2015년 F2세대 집단전개를 하였다. 2016년 동계 온실에서 F3 세대단축을 하였고 2016년 F4세대 계통전개, 2017년 동계 온실에서 F5 세대촉진하여 우량계통으로 선발하여 ‘밀양16호’의 계통명을 부여하고 2017년부터 2019년까지 3년동안 경남 밀양시를 비롯한 전국 5지역에서 지역적응시험을 수행하였다(Fig. 2).
고유특성, 생육특성 및 수량성
기장의 파종 적정기인 6월 하순 200구 트레이에 파종을 한 후 유묘가 15 cm가량 자란 7월 초, 중순 본포장에 정식하였다. 재식거리는 60×15 cm로 주당 2본으로 설정하였고 포장 시비는 N-P2O5-K2O를 10a당 9-7-8 kg씩 전량 기비로 시용하였다. 시험구 규모는 13.2 m2로 난괴법 3반복으로 시험구를 배치하였다. 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사 분석기준에 따라 육성 신품종과 표준 품종의 출수기, 간장, 수장, 줄기직경, 분얼수, 주당 수수, 이삭당 종실중, 천립중, 도복 등을 조사하였다(RDA 2012). ‘출수기’는 기장 이삭머리가 본엽 사이로 출현한 개체가 시험구의 50%가 되는 날짜를 조사하였다. ‘간장’은 시험개체가 성숙기 단계에 접어든 시기에 지면에서 이삭목까지의 길이를 측정하였고 ‘수장’은 이삭목에서 이삭 끝까지의 길이를 조사하였다. ‘줄기직경’은 지면으로부터 첫번째 마디와 두번째 마디 사이를 측정하였다. ‘출수기’와 ‘도복’은 시험 전 개체를 대상으로 조사하였으며 ‘수량’은 50주 수량을 측정한 후 면적을 10a로 환산하여 계산하였다. 이 외에 조사는 모두 시험구 중앙에 위치한 20개체를 무작위로 조사하였다.
종실특성 및 품질특성
2017~2019년 밀양에서 수행중인 지역적응시험 시험계통에서 수확한 종자로 품질 조사를 수행하였다. 색차계 분석은 분광측색계(Konica Minolta CM-3700D, Korea)로 기장 종자 원곡과 도정곡을 일정량 담아 측정하였다. 경도는 도정곡 상태의 종자를 물성분석기(Zwick/roell Z0.5, MTM corporation, Korea)로 측정하였다. 아밀로스 함량은 분쇄한 시료를 1 ml 에탄올과 1N NaOH 9 ml에 첨가한 후 3차 증류수에 희석시킨 후 1 ml를 취하여 CH3COOH 0.4 ml과 아이오딘 0.8 ml, 3차 증류수 37.8 ml를 첨가한다. 상온에서 20분 동안 방치한 후 30℃건조기에서 30분동안 반응시키고 혼합액 200 μl의 흡광도를 620 nm에서 측정하여 분석하였다. 단백질 함량은 질소 분석기(Elementar Analysen System, US/RapidN111, Germany)로 분석하였다. 무기성분 함량은 550℃에서 10시간동안 회화시킨 다음 0.5N 질산을 넣고 녹여 GF/C여과지에 여과한 후 정용하여 ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma, Optimar-3300DV, Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA)로 분석하였다. 항산화 물질 함량 분석은 Dewanto et al.(2002)의 추출방법을 참고로 하여 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량을 조사하였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent 2N을 3차 증류수에 10%로 희석시켜 기장 추출물 10 μl에 100 μl씩 분주한 후 7.5% Na2CO3 80 μl를 첨가한 후 30분 동안 암소에 발색하여 750 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 플라보노이드 함량은 기장 추출물 100 μl에 3차 증류수 400 μl를 넣어 희석하고 5% NaNO2 30 μl를 첨가하여 5분동안 치상한다. 이후 10% AlCl36H2O 30 μl를 넣고 다시 6분간 치상한다. 1M NaOH 200 μl 를 3차 증류수 240 μl에 희석시킨 희석액을 첨가하고 원심분리기(Centrifuge 5810 R, Eppendorf, Korea)로 5분 동안 13500 RPM으로 원심분리한 후 상등액 200 μl를 분주하여 흡광계(SpectraMax M2e, Molecular Devices, Korea)를 이용하여 510 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다.
육성 과정
2017년부터 2019년까지 경남 밀양시를 포함한 전국 5개 지역에서 수행한 지역적응시험 결과, 내도복성이 강하고 생육이 균일하여 기계수확에 용이하고 종실이 크고 안정적인 수량 등 우수한 계통으로 평가되어 2019년 12월 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정위원회 심의를 통해 신규등록 품종으로 결정되어 ‘낟알이 부드럽고 종피가 하얀 찰기장’이라는 의미인 ‘연희찰’로 명명하였다.
고유특성 및 생육특성
‘연희찰’은 생육후기에도 식물체가 곧게 서있는 직립형의 초형을 보이며 이삭은 벼 이삭처럼 고개를 숙여 있는 하수형을 띠고 있다. 종실의 색깔은 흰색이며 낟알은 밝은 노란색을 띠고 있어 표준품종인 ‘이백찰’과 유사한 특성을 보이고 있다(Table 1). 6월 25일 파종시 출수기는 8월 13일로 ‘이백찰’대비 2일 가량 빨랐다. 간장은 144 cm, 수장은 33.6 cm로 ‘이백찰’보다 각각 1 cm, 2.3 cm 더 짧았고 분얼수는 평균 2.7개로 ‘이백찰’대비 0.3개 더 적었다. 주당 수수는 ‘이백찰’과 유사한 평균 3.8개 수준이었으나 이삭당 종실중은 6.6 g으로 ‘이백찰’대비 0.7 g 더 무거웠다. 조곡 천립중 역시 5.3 g으로 ‘이백찰’보다 1.0 g 더 무거웠으며 현곡 천립중은 4.5 g이었다(Table 2, Fig. 3). 기장은 생육 후반 강풍과 강우로 쓰러짐으로 인한 수량피해가 큰 작물로 수량성 확보와 안정적인 재배를 위해선 내도복성이 강한 특성이 유리하다. 지면쪽으로 쓰러진 개체가 15%미만일 경우 ‘1’, 16~30%가량이 쓰러질 경우 ‘3’, 31~45% 정도가 쓰러진 경우 ‘5’, 몇몇 개체가 지면에 닿을 경우 ‘7’, 모든 개체가 지면에 완전히 닿았을 경우 ‘9’로 척도평가를 하는데 ‘연희찰’은 도복지수 ‘3’으로 평가되어 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 병해충 피해 정도도 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준으로 적기 방제시 병충해에 안정적이다(Table 3).
수량성
2017~2019년에 전국 5개 지역에서 실시한 지역적응시험 결과, ‘연희찰’의 평균 수량은 2.67 ton/ha로 2.61 ton/ha를 보인 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준이었다(Table 4). 시험지역 모두 안정적인 수량을 보여서 ‘연희찰’이 보급된다면 전국에서 안정적인 생산과 공급이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.
종실특성 및 품질특성
색차계 분석결과, ‘연희찰’의 종실은 L값(명도)가 73.46±0.731으로 ‘이백찰’(70.83±1.159)보다 더 밝은 것으로 나타났다. 낟알은 b(황색도)값이 ‘연희찰’과 ‘이백찰’이 각각 31.63±1.511, 29.32± 0.611으로 ‘연희찰’의 낟알이 ‘이백찰’보다 더 노란색을 띠었지만 통계적 유의성은 없었다(Table 5). 기장 재배농가 및 유통업체에서 선별의 편의성과 유통과정 중 선호도 등으로 밝은 색을 띠는 종피를 지닌 기장 품종을 선호하는 경향이 있어 재배농가와 유통업체에서 ‘연희찰’을 선호할 것으로 기대된다. ‘연희찰’ 종실의 경도는 1,749 gf로 ‘이백찰’ 대비 19% 더 낮은 것으로 조사되었다(Table 6).
‘연희찰’은 단백질 함량이 12.3%, 아밀로스 함량이 1.4%로 ‘이백찰’보다 각각 0.2%씩 낮은 함량을 보였다. 무기성분은 K, Ca, Mg, Na 함량에서 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준이었다(Table 7). 폴리페놀 함량은 42.4 mgGAE/100 g로 ‘이백찰’보다 함량이 높았고 플라보노이드 함량은 15.4 mgCE/100 g으로 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준이었다. 활성산소 억제 효과를 비교한 결과 ‘이백찰’보다 높은 활성을 나타냈다(Table 8).
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의사항
3년 동안 수행한 지역적응시험 결과 5개 시험 지역 모두 안정적인 수량과 균일한 생육을 보여 전국에서 재배가 가능한 품종이다(Table 4). 강우, 강풍 후 쓰러져도 일정 정도 회복하는 특성을 보이나 성숙기 후반의 도복은 탈립에 의한 수확량 저해가 발생할 수 있으므로 질소질 비료를 적절히 시비하여 웃자람을 방지해야 한다. 배수가 불량할 경우 기장의 발아와 생장이 저해될 수 있고 생육초기에 세균성줄무늬병이 발생할 수 있으므로(Yoon 2019) 배수 관리에 유의하거나 해당 지역에서의 재배를 지양해야 한다.
‘연희찰’은 황금기장(K263691)과 IT297382를 인공교배해서 육성한 품종으로 직립형의 초형과 하수형 이삭 모양으로 표준 품종인 ‘이백찰’과 유사한 형태를 가지고 있다. 출수기는 기장 파종적정기인 6월 하순(6월 25일) 파종시 8월 13일로 이백찰보다 2일 더 빨랐다. 간장과 수장은 각각 144 cm, 33.6 cm이다. 주당 이삭수는 3.8개, 이삭당 종실중은 6.6 g이었고 조곡 천립중은 5.3 g인 중대립 기장 품종이다. 포장내 도복과 병충해는 표준품종과 비슷한 수준으로 안정적인 재배가 가능하였다. 2017~2019년 동안 밀양, 평택, 청주, 나주, 대구에서 수행한 지역적응시험 결과 ‘연희찰’은 평균 2.67 ton/ha로 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준이었다. 단백질 함량, 아밀로스 함량과 무기성분의 함량은 ‘이백찰’과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 종실의 경도는 1,749 gf로 ‘이백찰’대비 19% 더 부드러웠다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 연구사업(과제명: 기계화 및 작부체계 적합 잡곡 품종 육성, 과제번호: PJ015056022023)의 지원에 의해 수행되었다.
Fig. 1
Genealogy of ‘Yeonheechal’.
kjbs-55-4-409-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Pedigree diagram of ‘Yeonheechal’.
kjbs-55-4-409-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Seed size of ‘Yeonheechal’: ‘Yeonheechal’(left) and ‘Leebaekchal’ (right).
kjbs-55-4-409-f3.jpg
Table 1
Inherent characteristics of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 1
Variety Growth habit Leaf color Panicle type Seed color Dehusked grain color Endosperm
Yeonheechal Erect Green Droopy White Yellow Glutinous
Leebaekchal Erect Green Droopy White Yellow Glutinous
Table 2
Agronomic characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 2
Variety Heading date (mm.dd) Culm Panicle length (cm) Number of tillering Number of panicle per plant Grain weight per panicle (g) Weight of 1,000 seeds
Length (cm) Width (mm) Unpolished grain Polished grain
Yeonheechal 8.13 144±1.7 7.9±0.06 33.6±2.54 2.7±0.05 3.8±0.12 6.6±1.30 5.3±0.25 4.5
Leebaekchal 8.15 145±2.2 7.9±0.47 35.9±1.78 3.0±0.26 3.9±0.20 5.9±0.25 4.3±0.04 3.7
t-valuez - -0.19ns 0.27ns -1.81ns -0.43ns -0.09ns 1.11ns 10.1** -

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 3
Resistance to disease and lodging of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 3
Variety Lodging indexz (1~9) Resistance (0~9)
Bacterial stripey Sheath blighty Stink bugx Ostrinia furnacalisx
Yeonheechal 3 1 0 1 1
Leebaekchal 3 1 0 1 1

z1: Under 15% of whole plants is fallen down, 3: 16~30%, 5: 31~45%, 7: Some panicles touch the ground, 9: whole panicles touch the ground

y0: No symptoms appear, 1: Ratio of outbreak plants is under 1%, 3: 1~5%, 5: 6~10%, 7: 11~20%, 9: over 21%

x0: No plants is damaged, 1: Ratio of damaged plants is from 0.1 to 1%, 3: 1.1~5%, 5: 5.1~10%, 7: 10.1~20%, 9: over 20.1%

Table 4
The mean yield of ‘Yeonheechal’ at RYT.
Table 4
Location Yield(ton/ha)
Yeonheechal Leebaekchal
2017 2018 2019 Mean Indexz (%) 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Miryang 2.81 3.08 2.43 2.77 102 3.48 2.86 1.79 2.71
Pyeongpaek 1.89 2.43 2.95 2.42 105 1.87 2.29 2.78 2.31
Cheongwon 2.06 2.99 3.31 2.79 100 1.96 3.33 3.03 2.77
Naju 2.41 3.27 - 2.84 111 2.31 2.82 - 2.57
Daegu 2.38 3.18 2.02 2.53 94 3.02 3.10 1.91 2.68
Overall mean 2.31 2.99 2.68 2.67ns 102 2.53 2.88 2.38 2.61
t-valuey 0.23ns

z(Index) Mean yield of Yeonheechal / mean yield of Leebaekchal×100

y ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 5
Grain color characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 5
Variety CIELab color
Unpolished grain Polished grain
Ly a b L a b
Yeonheechal 73.46±0.731 4.62±0.527 21.24±0.813 73.04±0.380 6.58±0.384 31.63±1.511
Leebaekchal 70.83±1.159 6.72±0.313 22.36±0.594 72.95±0.904 6.32±0.169 29.32±0.611
t-valuez 2.71* -4.84** -1.57ns 0.11ns 0.87ns 2.00ns

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

y L : lightness, a : (-)Green ~(+)Red, b : -(Blue) ~(+)Yellow,

Table 6
Grain hardness of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 6
Variety Hardness (gf) Index (%)
Yeonheechal 1,749±96.4 81
Leebaekchal 2,158±104.0 100
t-valuez -9.14** -

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 7
Major components of seed in ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 7
Variety Protein (%) Amylose (%) Ash (%) Mineral(mg/100 g)
K Ca Mg Na
Yeonheechal 12.3±0.64 1.4±0.03 1.1±0.28 208±4.8 14.2±0.49 97±2.3 15.3±0.78
Leebaekchal 12.5±0.10 1.6±0.14 1.4±0.06 255±7.8 14.5±2.42 102±3.0 13.5±2.46
t-valuez -2.14ns -.3.45* -1.31ns -3.17* -1.41ns -1.80ns -0.36ns

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 8
Content of antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging activity of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 8
Variety Antioxidant compounds Radical-scavenging activity
Polyphenol (mgGAE/100 g) Flavonoid (mgCE/100 g) ABTS (mgTE/100 g) DPPH (mgTE/100 g)
Yeonheechal 42.4±1.01 15.4±0.33 56.8±0.07 26.5±1.46
Leebaekchal 34.9±0.73 15.6±0.68 54.0±0.02 23.1±0.67
t-valuez 6.29** -0.51ns 4.59** 2.75*

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

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‘Yeonheechal’: A Soft, Large, White, and Glutinous Proso Millet Variety (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(4):409-414.   Published online December 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.4.409
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‘Yeonheechal’: A Soft, Large, White, and Glutinous Proso Millet Variety (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(4):409-414.   Published online December 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.4.409
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‘Yeonheechal’: A Soft, Large, White, and Glutinous Proso Millet Variety (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Genealogy of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Fig. 2 Pedigree diagram of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Fig. 3 Seed size of ‘Yeonheechal’: ‘Yeonheechal’(left) and ‘Leebaekchal’ (right).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

‘Yeonheechal’: A Soft, Large, White, and Glutinous Proso Millet Variety (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Inherent characteristics of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Growth habit Leaf color Panicle type Seed color Dehusked grain color Endosperm
Yeonheechal Erect Green Droopy White Yellow Glutinous
Leebaekchal Erect Green Droopy White Yellow Glutinous

Agronomic characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Heading date (mm.dd) Culm Panicle length (cm) Number of tillering Number of panicle per plant Grain weight per panicle (g) Weight of 1,000 seeds
Length (cm) Width (mm) Unpolished grain Polished grain
Yeonheechal 8.13 144±1.7 7.9±0.06 33.6±2.54 2.7±0.05 3.8±0.12 6.6±1.30 5.3±0.25 4.5
Leebaekchal 8.15 145±2.2 7.9±0.47 35.9±1.78 3.0±0.26 3.9±0.20 5.9±0.25 4.3±0.04 3.7
t-valuez - -0.19ns 0.27ns -1.81ns -0.43ns -0.09ns 1.11ns 10.1** -

Resistance to disease and lodging of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Lodging indexz (1~9) Resistance (0~9)
Bacterial stripey Sheath blighty Stink bugx Ostrinia furnacalisx
Yeonheechal 3 1 0 1 1
Leebaekchal 3 1 0 1 1

The mean yield of ‘Yeonheechal’ at RYT.

Location Yield(ton/ha)
Yeonheechal Leebaekchal
2017 2018 2019 Mean Indexz (%) 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Miryang 2.81 3.08 2.43 2.77 102 3.48 2.86 1.79 2.71
Pyeongpaek 1.89 2.43 2.95 2.42 105 1.87 2.29 2.78 2.31
Cheongwon 2.06 2.99 3.31 2.79 100 1.96 3.33 3.03 2.77
Naju 2.41 3.27 - 2.84 111 2.31 2.82 - 2.57
Daegu 2.38 3.18 2.02 2.53 94 3.02 3.10 1.91 2.68
Overall mean 2.31 2.99 2.68 2.67ns 102 2.53 2.88 2.38 2.61
t-valuey 0.23ns

Grain color characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety CIELab color
Unpolished grain Polished grain
Ly a b L a b
Yeonheechal 73.46±0.731 4.62±0.527 21.24±0.813 73.04±0.380 6.58±0.384 31.63±1.511
Leebaekchal 70.83±1.159 6.72±0.313 22.36±0.594 72.95±0.904 6.32±0.169 29.32±0.611
t-valuez 2.71* -4.84** -1.57ns 0.11ns 0.87ns 2.00ns

Grain hardness of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Hardness (gf) Index (%)
Yeonheechal 1,749±96.4 81
Leebaekchal 2,158±104.0 100
t-valuez -9.14** -

Major components of seed in ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Protein (%) Amylose (%) Ash (%) Mineral(mg/100 g)
K Ca Mg Na
Yeonheechal 12.3±0.64 1.4±0.03 1.1±0.28 208±4.8 14.2±0.49 97±2.3 15.3±0.78
Leebaekchal 12.5±0.10 1.6±0.14 1.4±0.06 255±7.8 14.5±2.42 102±3.0 13.5±2.46
t-valuez -2.14ns -.3.45* -1.31ns -3.17* -1.41ns -1.80ns -0.36ns

Content of antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging activity of ‘Yeonheechal’.

Variety Antioxidant compounds Radical-scavenging activity
Polyphenol (mgGAE/100 g) Flavonoid (mgCE/100 g) ABTS (mgTE/100 g) DPPH (mgTE/100 g)
Yeonheechal 42.4±1.01 15.4±0.33 56.8±0.07 26.5±1.46
Leebaekchal 34.9±0.73 15.6±0.68 54.0±0.02 23.1±0.67
t-valuez 6.29** -0.51ns 4.59** 2.75*
Table 1 Inherent characteristics of ‘Yeonheechal’.
Table 2 Agronomic characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 3 Resistance to disease and lodging of ‘Yeonheechal’.

z1: Under 15% of whole plants is fallen down, 3: 16~30%, 5: 31~45%, 7: Some panicles touch the ground, 9: whole panicles touch the ground

y0: No symptoms appear, 1: Ratio of outbreak plants is under 1%, 3: 1~5%, 5: 6~10%, 7: 11~20%, 9: over 21%

x0: No plants is damaged, 1: Ratio of damaged plants is from 0.1 to 1%, 3: 1.1~5%, 5: 5.1~10%, 7: 10.1~20%, 9: over 20.1%

Table 4 The mean yield of ‘Yeonheechal’ at RYT.

z(Index) Mean yield of Yeonheechal / mean yield of Leebaekchal×100

y ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 5 Grain color characters of ‘Yeonheechal’.

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

y L : lightness, a : (-)Green ~(+)Red, b : -(Blue) ~(+)Yellow,

Table 6 Grain hardness of ‘Yeonheechal’.

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 7 Major components of seed in ‘Yeonheechal’.

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 8 Content of antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging activity of ‘Yeonheechal’.

z ns was non significant, * and ** was significantly different between ‘Yeonheechal’ and ‘Leebaekchal’ at 0.05, 0.01 level of probability by student t-test respectively.

Table 1

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Table 5

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Table 8

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