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New Cultivar Developed

무측지 타원형계 이배체 수박 ‘순리스’

윤건식1,*, 노솔지1, 전유민1, 윤철구1, 김은정2, 김인재2, 김태일3

Diploid Oval-shaped Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mastum. and Nakai) ‘Soonless’ Without Secondary Lateralh Branch

Geon-Sig Yun1,*, Sol-Ji Noh1, Yu-Min Jeon1, Cheol-Ku Youn1, Eun-Jeong Kim2, In-Jae Kim2, Tae-il Kim3
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2023;55(3):259-264.
Published online: September 1, 2023

1충북농업기술원 수박딸기연구소

2충북농업기술원

3국립원예특작과학원

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: lothmv@korea.kr, Tel: +82-43-220-5861, Fax: +82-43-220-5859)
• Received: June 8, 2023   • Revised: July 17, 2023   • Accepted: July 20, 2023

Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Removing secondary branch to produce commodity watermelons is labor-costing and time-consuming work in traditional watermelon cultivation. Moreover, because elderly farmers work for a long time with their backs bent, musculoskeletal disorders reduce the quality of life of farmers. To improve this working condition, we developed the watermelon 'Soonless' variety that does not need to be pruned because there is no secondary branch. For diploid oval watermelons, the stripe width of the fruit is wide, the color of it's skin is green, and the flesh is pinkish-red. It contains 480 seeds of ‘Soonless’, and the fruit weight is 8.6 kg, which is heavier compared to ‘Sambokggul’. The thickness of the pericarp is 1.3 cm, and the total soluble solids content is 12.0 °Bx, which is similar to ‘Sambokggul’. The characteristics which distinguish it from the control variety include the leaf blade length and width, the ovary size, the width of the fruit stripes, and the thickness of the pericarp. The yield was 6,450 kg/10a, an increase of 5.3% compared to ‘Sambokggul’. As a result of this research, ‘Soonless’ has been registered as a variety with the Korea Seed and Varieties Service in 2022 as it was filed for breed protection in 2019 (Registration No. 8808).
수박(Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai)은 박과류 1년생의 넝쿨성 원예작물로(Kim et al. 2020b), 세계적으로 중요한 농업 부분의 과채류 경제작물이다(Wijayanto et al. 2012). 수박은 수분이 약 92%를 차지하고 있으며, 영양성분으로 비타민 C, 비타민 A와 칼륨, 마그네슘을 포함한 미네랄, 과당과 포도당이 함유돼 있어(Oga & Umekwe 2013, Wahyudi et al. 2022) 무더운 계절에 갈증을 풀어주고, 피로해소에 도움을 주는 등 영양적 가치가 크다(Kim et al. 2019).
수박은 일반적으로 용도에 따라 생식용, 음료용, 사료용, 절임용, 종자용 등으로 분류되며(Kim et al. 2020b), 우리나라에서 육성된 대부분 품종들은 생식용이다. 국내 수박 유전자원은 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업유전자원센터에서 1,240자원의 등록자원과, 임시자원 3,472자원이 보존되어 자원 특성평가와 더불어 품종육성에 활용되고 있다(Lee et al. 2019). 국립종자원에 등록되어 있는 크기별 분류에 따른 품종 수는 6 kg 이상 대과가 53품종, 2~6 kg 미만의 중소형과 38품종, 2 kg 이하의 미니수박은 2품종이며(KSVS 2023), 최근 수박의 크기, 섭취와 보관이 용이성 등이 중요시되면서 대과위주의 시장에서 중소형과 시장 매출이 늘어나고 있는 추세이다(Kim et al. 2022).
2022년 현재 우리나라 수박 재배면적은 12,661 ha로 2012년 보다 16.7%가 감소되었다(KOSIS 2022). 이는 60세 이상 고령의 농촌 인구비율이 58%로 고령화가 심각한 생산현장에서 무거운 수박을 쪼그리고 앉아서 재배하는 방식은 농업인에 큰 노동부담을 주기 때문이다(Kim et al. 2020a, KOSIS 2022). 무엇보다도 수박 생산량을 증가시키고, 과일로 동화물질 전류를 촉진시키기 위해 2차 측지를 제거하는 작업은 필수적이지만(Kato et al. 1984), 수박 농사 중에 노동강도가 가장 높다(Choi et al. 2012).
측지발생에 관여하는 중요한 유전자들은 옥수수, 토마토, 땅콩, 오이, Arbidopsis 등 작물에서 대부분 밝혀져 분자육종을 위한 이론적 배경과 유전적정보를 제공하고 있다(Braun et al. 2012, Hubbard et al. 2002, Martin-Trillo et al. 2011, Shen et al. 2019, Takeda et al. 2003, Yang et al. 2018). 수박에서 측지 발생에 관여하는 유전자는 TERMINAL FLOWER1 단백질을 암호화하는 열성유전자인 Clbl (Citrullus lanatus branchless)에 의해 조절되는 것이 밝혀졌으며(Junling et al. 2021), 측지가 없는 근동질 유전자를 이용한 무측지 순계도 개발되었다(Junling et al. 2022). 하지만, 현재 국내에 품종등록 되어 있는 무측지 수박은 단타원형계 ‘순제로’가 유일한 품종으로, 앞으로 농촌의 고령화율이 심화되고, 외국인 근로자 수급이 어려운 상황에서 농가의 노동력을 절감할 수 있는 다양한 무측지 품종개발이 더욱 요구되고 있는 실정이다.
이를 위하여 충청북도농업기술원 수박딸기연구소에서는 2차 측지가 발생되지 않는 생력형 타원형계 무측지 수박 ‘순리스’를 육성하여 2019년 품종보호 출원하고, 2022년 품종등록이 되었기에, 그 육성경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다.
모본과 부본은 기관 보유 유전자원을 활용하였으며, 무측지 모본 CBWN01 계통과 유측지 부본 CBW1619 계통을 교배한 F1에 다시 부본을 여교배하여 세대진전 하면서 계통선발 6년, 교배조합 작성 3년, 조합능력검정 3년의 기간 동안 충북농업기술원 수박딸기연구소가 위치한 음성군 대소면 시설하우스 내에서 시험을 수행하였다. 표준품종은 ‘삼복꿀’로 하여 난괴법 3반복으로 수행하였다. 조합능력검정은 2017년 1월 16일, 2018년 1월 15일, 2019년 1월 18일에 200구 트레이에 파종한 후, 30℃에서 7 cm 정도 생육 후 ‘불로장생’ 박 대목과 접목하여 본엽 4~5매까지 육묘하였다. 비닐하우스(가로 6 m, 세로 33 m)에 150 cm 폭의 두개의 이랑을 만들었으며, 토양 바닥 위에 직경 16 mm, 점적간격 10 cm의 호스를 3열 설치 한 후 녹색필름(0.25 mm× 150 cm×380 mm)을 이용하여 피복하였다. 정식은 2017년 3월 6일, 2018년 3월 5일, 2019년 3월 11일에 40×300 cm 간격으로 정식하였다. 시비는 시설수박 표준 시비량인 N - P2O5 - K2O를 13.8 - 4.9 - 8.7 kg/10a량으로 요소[CO(NH2)2], 용성인비[Mg3CaP2O3⋅3CaSiO2], 황산가리[K2S04] 비료로 환산하여 시비하였으며, 밑거름은 정식 전 토양내 혼화 처리, 웃거름은 정식 후 10일 간격 3회에 걸쳐 1톤 용량의 물통에 녹여 관주 시비하였다.
주요 조사항목으로 측지발생 유무, 과형, 줄무늬 너비, 과피색, 과육색 등의 고유특성과, 가변특성인 종자수, 과중, 과장, 과피두께, 당도, 수량성 등을 조사하였다. 출원품종의 구별성을 위해서는 잎몸의 특성, 씨방크기, 과실줄무늬 너비와 과피의 두께 등을 조사하였는데, 이는 국립종자원 작물별 특성조사기준(KSVS 2016)과 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따랐다.
육성경위
수박 ‘순리스’는 농업인의 과실 품질과 생산량 증대를 위한 생장점 적심의 노동력을 줄이고자, 2차 측지가 발생하지 않는 무측지 품종 개발을 목적으로 자체 보유한 유전자원을 이용하여 계통육성 하였다. 무측지 유전자원 CBWN01과 유측지 대과종 CBW1619를 교배하여 얻은 F1 W011619에 CBW1619를 여교배 한 후, 2차측지가 발생하지 않는 표현형이 다른 CBW04, CBW01을 육성하였다. 이후 자가 수분하면서 2016년까지 세대 진전하여 형질을 고정하였다. 2017년부터는 목적에 부합한 계통 양친 조합을 작성하고 특성검정을 2019년까지 진행하면서, 측지발생이 없고 당도가 높은 타원형의 조합 CBW004×CBW001을 선발하여 ‘순리스’로 명명하였고, 종자를 채종하여 2019년에 국립종자원에 품종보호 출원하였다. 대비품종과의 신규성, 구별성, 균일성, 안정성 등 2년간의 재배심사를 거쳐 최종 2022년에 품종보호 등록되었으며, 품종육성과정은 Fig. 1과 같다.
고유 특성
‘순리스’는 2배체 수박으로, ‘삼복꿀’과 대조적으로 생장점 적심 후 1차 측지에서 2차 측지 발생이 없다(Fig. 2). 유묘 떡잎의 모양은 중간 타원형이며, 녹색의 강도는 중간이다. 3번째 잎의 완전히 발달했을 때의 잎몸 색은 녹색이며, 녹색의 강도는 ‘삼복꿀’에 비하여 짙은 특성을 갖으며, 종자의 바탕색은 검정색이며, 종피의 2차색은 없다(Table 1). 과실의 고유특성으로 과형은 타원형이며, 과실 과피의 바탕색은 녹색으로 강도는 중간이고, 과실 꽃자리 부위의 모양은 둥글다. 과실 줄무늬 너비는 ‘삼복꿀’에 비해 넓으며, 과피의 대리석무늬 강도는 중간이다. 과육색은 분홍빛 적색을 나타내며, 과육의 경도는 중간으로 ‘삼복꿀’과 유사하다(Table 2).
가변특성
‘순리스’ 유묘의 배축 길이는 3.8 cm이며, 떡잎의 길이는 3.1 cm 로 ‘삼복꿀’과 비슷하였다. 식물체가 성숙했을 때 절간장은 13.0 cm, 잎자루의 길이는 15.0 cm로 ‘순리스’가 길었으며, 종자수는 480립으로 삼복꿀에 비해 적었다(Table 3). 과중은 8.6 kg으로 ‘삼복꿀’보다 400 g 무거웠고, 과장과 과폭이 각각 31.1 cm, 23.8 cm로, 장폭비가 1.3인 타원형이었다. 과피두께는 1.3 cm로 ‘순리스’가 두꺼웠으며, 당도는 12.0 °Bx로 ’삼복꿀’과 비슷하였다(Table 4).
수량성
2017년부터 2019년까지 ‘순리스’ 과중은 8.5 kg~8.7 kg으로 삼복꿀 대비 전체적으로 무거운 경향이었다. 이에 따른 ‘순리스’의 10a당 상품수량은 6,450 kg으로 ‘삼복꿀’에 비해 5.3% 증수되었다(Table 5). 하지만, 상품수량의 증가함에 있어서 ’순리스’의 과피가 1.3 cm로 두껍기 때문에 실제 가식부위 수량은 대조품종과 비슷할 것으로 판단된다.
재배상 유의점
무측지 품종 ‘순리스’는 토양 수분관리를 건조하게 하거나 토양 양분이 부족할 경우 결각이 적은 잎이 조기에 출현할 수 있다. 착과 위치에 결각이 작고, 엽면적이 좁은 잎이 조기 출현할 경우 과실이 햇빛에 노출되어 육질악변과 발생 가능성이 높으므로 토양수분과 양분관리에 유의해야 한다. 무측지 품종은 2차 측지를 만들지 않아 세력이 강하기 때문에 착과기에 비료를 공급할 경우 수정이 되지 않고 낙과가 될 수 있으므로 착과기에는 비료를 지양해야 한다. 또한 착과 이후 비대기에는 양분이 과실로 빠르게 이동하여 세력이 약해 수 있으므로 추비 관리에 신경 써야 한다.
‘순리스’은 농업인의 노동력 절감을 위해 국내 최초 무측지 품종 ‘순제로’(제8807호)에 이어 두번째로 충북에서 육성한 품종으로, 기관 차제 보유 무측지 유전자원과 유측지 대과 품종과의 교배 후 계통분리 육종법을 통해서 2019년 육성하였다. 배수성은 2배체이며, 1차 측지에서 2차 측지가 나오지 않는 것이 가장 큰 특성이며, 과형은 타원형이다. 줄무늬 너비는 넓으며, 과육색은 분홍빛 적색을 띄며 과육은 무른 편이다. 과중은 8.6 kg로 삼복꿀에 비하여 무거우며, 과피도 두껍다. 당도는 12.0 °Bx로 삼복꿀과 비슷하다. 수량은 6,450 kg/10a로, 삼복꿀 대비 5.3% 증수되었다. ‘순제로’는 단타원형의 과형에 아삭한 식감을 가진 반면, ‘순리스’는 타원형계의 부드러운 식감을 가져, 소비자에게 다양한 선택의 기회를 줄 것으로 기대된다. 앞으로 개발된 이들 품종은 우리나라에서 무측지 품종이 빠르게 산업화되는데 밑거름이 되어, 농업인의 경영비를 절감시키고, 농촌고령화에 따른 노동부담을 덜어주는데 활용하고자 한다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of the new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’.
KJBS-55-259-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Comparison of Fruit and secondary branch between ‘Soonless’ and ‘Sambokggul’. The yellow arrow points to secondary branch.
KJBS-55-259-f2.tif
Table 1
Inherent general characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 1
Variety Occurrence of secondary branch Shape of fruit Shape of cotyledon Green color intensity of seedling cotyledon Color of leaf blade Intensity of the color of leaf blade Background color of the seed Secondary color of seed coat
Soonless None Medium elliptic Medium elliptic Medium Green Thick Black None
Sambokggul Yes Broad elliptic Medium elliptic Medium Green Intermediate Black None
Table 2
Inherent fruit characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 2
Variety Width of stripes Color of the fruit skin Intensity of fruit skin color Width of stripes of fruit Shape of the flower spot of the fruit Color of flesh Hardness of flesh
Soonless Very broad Green Medium Broad Round Pinkish-red Intermediate
Sambokggul Medium Green Medium Medium Round Pinkish-red Intermediate
Table 3
Variable characteristics of seedling and leaf of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 3
Variety Hypocotyl length (cm) Cotyledon length (cm) Internode length (cm) Petiole length (cm) Leaf blade length (cm) Leaf blade width (cm)
Soonless 3.8ns 3.1ns 13.0* 15.0* 28.0** 26.5**
Sambokggul 3.7 3.0 11.8 12.5 23.2 20.0

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, ***Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively.

Table 4
Variable characteristics of seed and fruit of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 4
Variety Number of seeds (seeds/fruit) Fruit Weight (kg) Fruit Length (cm) Fruit Width (cm) Thickness of pericarp (cm) Total soluble solids (°Bx)
Soonless 480* 8.6* 31.1** 23.8ns 1.3** 12.0ns
Sambokggul 505 8.2 28.8 23.7 1.0 11.8

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively.

Table 5
Yield component analysis of new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’.
Table 5
Year Weight of the fruit (kg) Yield (kg/10a)
Soonless Sambokggul Soonless Sambokggul
2017 8.7 8.2 6,525 6,150
2018 8.5 8.1 6,375 6,075
2019 8.6 8.2 6,450 6,150
Mean 8.6* 8.2 6,450* 6,125

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, ***Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively

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Diploid Oval-shaped Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mastum. and Nakai) ‘Soonless’ Without Secondary Lateralh Branch
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(3):259-264.   Published online September 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.3.259
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Diploid Oval-shaped Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mastum. and Nakai) ‘Soonless’ Without Secondary Lateralh Branch
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(3):259-264.   Published online September 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.3.259
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Diploid Oval-shaped Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mastum. and Nakai) ‘Soonless’ Without Secondary Lateralh Branch
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of the new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’.
Fig. 2 Comparison of Fruit and secondary branch between ‘Soonless’ and ‘Sambokggul’. The yellow arrow points to secondary branch.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Diploid Oval-shaped Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mastum. and Nakai) ‘Soonless’ Without Secondary Lateralh Branch

Inherent general characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

Variety Occurrence of secondary branch Shape of fruit Shape of cotyledon Green color intensity of seedling cotyledon Color of leaf blade Intensity of the color of leaf blade Background color of the seed Secondary color of seed coat
Soonless None Medium elliptic Medium elliptic Medium Green Thick Black None
Sambokggul Yes Broad elliptic Medium elliptic Medium Green Intermediate Black None

Inherent fruit characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

Variety Width of stripes Color of the fruit skin Intensity of fruit skin color Width of stripes of fruit Shape of the flower spot of the fruit Color of flesh Hardness of flesh
Soonless Very broad Green Medium Broad Round Pinkish-red Intermediate
Sambokggul Medium Green Medium Medium Round Pinkish-red Intermediate

Variable characteristics of seedling and leaf of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

Variety Hypocotyl length (cm) Cotyledon length (cm) Internode length (cm) Petiole length (cm) Leaf blade length (cm) Leaf blade width (cm)
Soonless 3.8ns 3.1ns 13.0* 15.0* 28.0** 26.5**
Sambokggul 3.7 3.0 11.8 12.5 23.2 20.0

Variable characteristics of seed and fruit of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

Variety Number of seeds (seeds/fruit) Fruit Weight (kg) Fruit Length (cm) Fruit Width (cm) Thickness of pericarp (cm) Total soluble solids (°Bx)
Soonless 480* 8.6* 31.1** 23.8ns 1.3** 12.0ns
Sambokggul 505 8.2 28.8 23.7 1.0 11.8

Yield component analysis of new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’.

Year Weight of the fruit (kg) Yield (kg/10a)
Soonless Sambokggul Soonless Sambokggul
2017 8.7 8.2 6,525 6,150
2018 8.5 8.1 6,375 6,075
2019 8.6 8.2 6,450 6,150
Mean 8.6* 8.2 6,450* 6,125
Table 1 Inherent general characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 2 Inherent fruit characteristics of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).
Table 3 Variable characteristics of seedling and leaf of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, ***Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively.

Table 4 Variable characteristics of seed and fruit of a new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’ (CBARES in Eumseong, '17~'19).

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively.

Table 5 Yield component analysis of new watermelon variety ‘Soonless’.

nsNot Significant in the t-test, While *, **, ***Significant at p<0.05, p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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