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New Cultivar Developed

기능성분 함량이 높은 적치마 상추 ‘흑하랑’ 육성

장서우1,†, 임순호2,†, 이송미3,*

Breeding of High Functional Ingredients Lettuce ‘Heukharang’

Seo Woo Jang1,†, Soon-Ho Yim2,†, Songmi Lee3,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2022;54(3):234-237.
Published online: September 1, 2022

1전라남도 농업기술원

2동신대학교 제약·화장품학과

3동신대학교 식품영양학과

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: smlee@dsu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-61-330-3222, Fax: +82-61-761-7965)

These authors contributed equally to this work.

• Received: June 26, 2022   • Revised: July 29, 2022   • Accepted: August 8, 2022

Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • ‘Heukharang’ is a pure line variety selected from native seeds; this lettuce variety has stronger leaves and longer foliar than traditional red skirt varieties. From 2011 to 2015, productivity was tested by collection and pure line selection. The new breed, ‘Heukharang’, was found to be narrow and black oval with anthocyanin pigments evenly spread over the leaves. ‘Heukharang’ had a stronger bitter taste than the Red Skirt variety, since its lactucin content was >100 times higher. This cultivar also showed a much higher content of chlorogenic acid and tocopherol. This new variety ‘Heukharang’ can thus be recommended as a variety that can fully utilize functional ingredients in lettuce, since it is close to the existing variety of red skirt lettuce and has more functional ingredients (Registration No. 7569).
상추(Lactuca sativa L.)는 국화과 채소로 전 세계적으로 재배되며, 국내에서도 연중 전국적으로 생산되는 샐러드용 채소이다. 잎상추, 포기상추, 적상추, 청상추, 로메인상추, 오크상추 등 다양한 종류가 있으며(Cho et al. 2015), 국내 잎상추 시장은 베이비 채소 및 새싹채소로도 많이 사용되고 국내 식문화의 특징으로 쌈 채소로 사용되고 있으며 샐러드 채소로 꾸준히 소비되고 있다(Jang et al. 2020). 국내 생산 상추는 적축면과 적치마 상추가 60% 이상이며, 청치마 상추가 30% 정도이다(Jang et al. 2017). 상추는 엽채류 중 배추 다음 생산액이 많으며, 2020년 기준 재배면적은 3,814 ha, 생산량은 9만6774톤이며 생산액은 2,973억원으로 잎채소 총생산액의 약 18%를 차지한다(KOSIS 2021).
상추는 수분함량이 95%로 매우 높고, 식이섬유와 비타민 A, B, C, E 및 다량의 철분을 함유하고 있어 대표적인 건강채소이다(Jang et al. 2007, Milabagal et al. 2010, Kim et al. 2016). 또한 식이 채소로 소비될 뿐만 아니라, 저혈압, 치아 미백, 편도선, 혈뇨, 소변불통, 진통에 효과가 있다고 널리 알려져 있으며, 외국에서는 이를 활용⋅정제하여 의약품으로 이용하고 있다(Jeong et al. 2007). 상추 줄기를 자르면 나오는 우윳빛 유액은 쓴맛을 내며, 이는 알칼로이드 성분인 락투신으로 신경안정작용을 하고, 불면증에도 효과가 있으며, 최근에는 항암 효과도 보고되고 있다(Cho et al. 2015).
따라서 소비자의 기호에 맞는 적치마 종에 가까우면서 이러한 기능성 물질을 다량 함유하고 있는 상추 ‘흑하랑’ 품종을 개발하였으며 이의 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다.
안토시아닌은 높은 항산화 활성과 항돌연변이 활성이 있다고 알려져 있으며, 항염증 작용, 항미생물 작용, 혈소판 응집 억제 작용, 기억력 감퇴 개선 작용 등이 일려져 있다(Luo et al. 2014, Zheng & Wang 2003). 이에 본 연구에서는 안토시아닌을 함유하고 있으며 식감이 좋아 소비자 기호에 맞아 많은 판매가 이루어지고 있는 재래종 적치마 품종에 가깝고 기능성분의 함량이 우수한 상추 품종을 육성하기 위해 2010년 토종 종자를 자체 증식, 보존하는 농가를 대상으로 전남 지역에서 30여년간 생태적으로 적응하여 재배되고 있는 재래상추 6종을 수집, 자식하고, 엽색이 적색이면서 추대가 늦은 계통을 선발하였다. 2011년부터 2012년까지 전라남도 농업기술원 연구포장에서 재래상추 수집 개체 내에서 순계분리를 추진하여 기능성 성분 함량이 높은 개체를 선발하였다. 2013년부터 2015년까지 엽색의 안토시아닌 발현정도, 엽 모양의 표현 형태로 선발된 개체를 적색의 엽에서 가장 근접한 적치마를 대조품종으로 설정하고 잎의 표현형태, 엽수등 구별성에 대한 특성조사를 2013년 봄재배, 2014년 봄, 가을재배, 2015년 봄 재배까지 시험재배를 실시하였고, 2015년 전라남도 농업기술원 포장에서 가을 재배로 3반복 실험을 통해 균일성 검정을 하여 고정도와 안정성을 확보하였다(Fig. 1).
상추 엽내 쓴맛 성분인 락투신인 bitter sesquiterpene lactones, latucin+8-deoxylactucin+lactucopicrin (BSL) 함량을 정량하기 위해, 상추 잎을 -80℃에서 동결건조기(Freeze dryer, Ilsin, Korea)로 건조시킨 후 막자 사발을 이용, 분쇄하여 분말 상태로 만든 다음, 분말 시료 1 g을 메탄올 100 mL에 넣고 65℃ 에서 1시간 정도 환류시켰다. 메탄올 용액을 실온으로 냉각시킨 후 여과지를 이용해서 여과한 다음, 여과된 용액은 evaporator로 30~35℃를 유지시키며 1~5 mmHg 압력상태로 감압 증류하였다. 메탄올 용액을 감압 증류하고 남은 잔사를 물에 녹여서 클로로포름(CH3Cl)으로 2~3회 추출하였다. 클로로포름 추출 용액을 황산마그네슘(MgSO4)으로 탈수한 다음, 온도를 20~30℃를 유지시키며 1~5 mmHg으로 감압 증류하였다. 감압 증류하고 남은 잔사를 MeOH/CHCl3 (v/v=1/2) 용액에 녹여서 HPLC로 분리 정량하였다. 이동상으로 A (0.1% formic acid in water)와 B (acetonitrile)을 사용하여 A:B 비율로 90:10을 시작점으로 하여 60:40 비율로 40분간 진행하였다. C18 YMC 컬럼(ODS-A 5 µm, 4.6×250 mm)을 사용하였고, 컬럼온도는 40℃, 이동상의 흐름속도는 0.5 mL/min, 검출파장은 256 nm, injection volume은 10 µL를 주입하여 분석하였다. 잎의 경도는 경도 기기인 EZ Test 500 N을 이용하여 측정하였고, 품질특성인 추대, 수량성 등 주요 특성조사는 농촌진흥청 상추조사기준(RDA 2014)을 토대로 조사하였고, 통계처리는 SAS 9.12를 이용하였다.
고유특성
신품종 ‘흑하랑’ 고유특성은 Table 1과 Fig. 2에서와 같이 식물체는 곧추서는 자세로 잎은 좁은 타원형으로 편평하며 엽구 형성은 포피형이다. 엽색은 흑적색으로 안토시아닌 색이 잎 위쪽으로 고르게 퍼져 있으며 ‘흑하랑’은 봄과 가을에 색이 강해지는 특징을 보인다. 안토시아닌은 부분적으로 분포하고 있고 요철은 약한 편으로 중간크기를 보여주고 있다(Table 2).
생육 및 수량특성
신품종 ‘흑하랑’은 엽장이 16.8±3.6 cm로 13.7±1.7 cm인 대조군인 ‘적치마’보다 더 길었으며, 엽폭은 ‘흑하랑’이 9.2±3.9 cm로 ‘적치마’보다 좁았다. 엽수는 17.6매로 ‘적치마’의 16.9매와 비슷하였다. ‘흑하랑’의 추대일은 4월 17일, ‘적치마’의 4월 13일이었으며 개화일은 ‘적치마’의 4월 13일에 비해 ‘흑하랑’은 5월 4일 개화하였다(Table 3). 신품종 ‘흑하랑’은 식물유전평가기준에 의해 수량성을 평가하였을 때 3년 평균수량이 2,099 ton/ha로 2,286 ton/ha를 나타낸 적치마보다 작은 값을 나타내었다(Table 4).
품질특성
신품종 ‘흑하랑’은 ‘적치마’에 비해 쓴맛이 강하게 나타났으며 경도가 ‘적치마’에 비해 높은 값을 나타내 단단한 편이었고, 락투신 함량이 ‘적치마’에 비해 월등히 높은 값을 보였다. 기능성 성분인 클로로제닉산 및 토코페롤 함량이 높은 값을 나타내었다(Table 5). 이상의 결과로 ‘흑하랑’ 품종은 상추의 기능성 성분의 활용에 유용한 품종으로 추천할 수 있다.
‘흑하랑’은 토종 종자에서 순계분리한 품종으로 재래종 적치마 품종에 비해 잎이 단단하고 엽장이 긴 특성이 있는 상추이다. 2011년부터 2015년까지 수집, 순계분리 및 선발하여 생산력을 검정하였다. 신품종 ‘흑하랑’은 흑적색의 좁은 타원형의 포피형으로 안토시아닌 색소가 잎 위쪽으로 고루 퍼져 있는 형태를 보여주었다. ‘흑하랑’의 추대일은 적치마와 비슷하였고 개화일은 적치마에 비해 20일 늦게 되었다. ‘흑하랑’은 적치마 품종에 비해 쓴맛이 강하게 나타났으며 이는 락투신 함량이 100배 이상 높았기 때문이며 클로로제닉산과 토코페롤에서도 월등히 높은 함량을 보여주었다. 따라서 신품종 ‘흑하랑’은 기존 품종에 가까우면서 기능성 성분이 월등히 높아 상추에서 기능성 성분을 충분히 활용할 수 있는 품종으로 추천할 수 있겠다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree of leaf lettuce ‘Heukharang’.
KJBS-54-234-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Pictures of the cultivation in the field (A) and comparison of shape at harvest time (B), left; ‘Heukharang’ and right; ‘Red skirt (control)’.
KJBS-54-234-f2.tif
Table 1
Morphological characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 1
Cultivar Seed color Cotyledon anthocyanine Leaf size (Shape) Leaf shape Type
Heukharang White Red Small (Elliptic) Narrow elliptic Chima Leaf
Red skirt White Red Medium (Elliptic) Elliptic Chima Leaf
Table 2
Leaf characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 2
Cultivar Leaf color Leaf color strength Anthocyanin Size Waxiness
Spring/Fall Summer distribution
Heukharang Dark Red Deep Deep Partially Medium Strong
Red skirt Red Medium Light Overall Small Medium
Table 3
. Variable characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 3
Cultivar Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) No. of leaf Sowing date Bolting date Flowering date Planting. date
Heukharang 16.8±3.6 9.2±3.9 17.6±3.2 April 07 April 17 May 4 May 10
Red skirt 13.7±1.7 13.1±5.8 16.9±3.3 April 07 April 13 April 13 May 10
Table 4
Yield of ‘Heukharang’ in 3 years
Table 4
Cultivar 2013 (ton/ha) 2014 (ton/ha) 2015 (ton/ha) Mean (ton/ha) Yield Index
Heukharang 23.5 20.9 18.7 21.0 92
Red skirt 28.0 25.0 19.7 22.9 100
Table 5
Functional substances of ‘Heukharang’
Table 5
Cultivar Firmness of leaf (g/cm2) Lactucin (mg/g) Chlorogenic acid (μg/g) Caffeic acid (μg/g) Tocopherol (μg/g)
Heukharang 234 3.74 3.04 126 485
Red skirt 177 0.03 2.00 140 279
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Breeding of High Functional Ingredients Lettuce ‘Heukharang’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(3):234-237.   Published online September 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.3.234
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Breeding of High Functional Ingredients Lettuce ‘Heukharang’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(3):234-237.   Published online September 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.3.234
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Breeding of High Functional Ingredients Lettuce ‘Heukharang’
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree of leaf lettuce ‘Heukharang’.
Fig. 2 Pictures of the cultivation in the field (A) and comparison of shape at harvest time (B), left; ‘Heukharang’ and right; ‘Red skirt (control)’.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Breeding of High Functional Ingredients Lettuce ‘Heukharang’

Morphological characteristics of ‘Heukharang’

Cultivar Seed color Cotyledon anthocyanine Leaf size (Shape) Leaf shape Type
Heukharang White Red Small (Elliptic) Narrow elliptic Chima Leaf
Red skirt White Red Medium (Elliptic) Elliptic Chima Leaf

Leaf characteristics of ‘Heukharang’

Cultivar Leaf color Leaf color strength Anthocyanin Size Waxiness
Spring/Fall Summer distribution
Heukharang Dark Red Deep Deep Partially Medium Strong
Red skirt Red Medium Light Overall Small Medium

. Variable characteristics of ‘Heukharang’

Cultivar Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) No. of leaf Sowing date Bolting date Flowering date Planting. date
Heukharang 16.8±3.6 9.2±3.9 17.6±3.2 April 07 April 17 May 4 May 10
Red skirt 13.7±1.7 13.1±5.8 16.9±3.3 April 07 April 13 April 13 May 10

Yield of ‘Heukharang’ in 3 years

Cultivar 2013 (ton/ha) 2014 (ton/ha) 2015 (ton/ha) Mean (ton/ha) Yield Index
Heukharang 23.5 20.9 18.7 21.0 92
Red skirt 28.0 25.0 19.7 22.9 100

Functional substances of ‘Heukharang’

Cultivar Firmness of leaf (g/cm2) Lactucin (mg/g) Chlorogenic acid (μg/g) Caffeic acid (μg/g) Tocopherol (μg/g)
Heukharang 234 3.74 3.04 126 485
Red skirt 177 0.03 2.00 140 279
Table 1 Morphological characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 2 Leaf characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 3 . Variable characteristics of ‘Heukharang’
Table 4 Yield of ‘Heukharang’ in 3 years
Table 5 Functional substances of ‘Heukharang’

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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