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New Cultivar Developed

카로티노이드 함량이 높고 식미가 우수한 찰옥수수 ‘황금맛찰’

배환희1,*, 이진석2,*, 김정태1, 손범영1, 백성범1, 김선림1, 고영삼1, 이기범1, 신성휴1

‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a Single Cross Hybrid Waxy Corn with High Carotenoid Content and Good Eating Quality

Hwan-Hee Bae1,*, Jin-Seok Lee2,*, Jung-Tae Kim1, Beom-Young Son1, Seong-Bum Baek1, Sun-Lim Kim1, Young Sam Go1, Gibum Yi1, Seong-Hyu Shin1
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(4):467-472.
Published online: December 1, 2020

1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원

2농촌진흥청

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*Corresponding Author: Hwan-Hee Bae (E-mail: miami9@korea.kr, Tel: +82-31-695-4042, Fax: +82-31-695-4029)
*Co-corresponding Author: Jin-Seok Lee (E-mail: z9813139@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-0751, Fax: +82-63-238-1777)
• Received: September 9, 2020   • Revised: September 14, 2020   • Accepted: October 6, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • ‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a yellow waxy corn hybrid obtained by crossing inbred ‘KY37’ and ‘KY29’, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Korea, in 2017. The number of days to silking of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ was 69 days after planting, 2 days earlier than ‘Ilmichal’ (a control variety). Plant height of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ was 205 cm, lower than that of the control, and ear height ratio was 49%, which was lower than that of ‘Ilmichal’. Lodging resistance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ was similar to ‘Ilmichal’. The fresh ear yields were 6,389 ears in 10 a. The carotenoid content of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ was 16.4 μg 100 g-1 fresh weight, which was much higher than that of ‘Ilmichal’. The pericarp thickness was 41 μm. The sensory evaluation value was 5.7, and the flavor was excellent. The flowering period of its parental lines was well matched, and seed production was best at a planting ratio of maternal and paternal lines, 3:1. ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ is suitable to the whole country, except for Jeju-do. Seeds of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ must be renewed annually because it is a single cross hybrid. If this hybrid is cultivated under high-density conditions, the ear size and the ratio of kernel set length to ear length will be lower than that of standard cultivation. Pest control should be performed for this hybrid because it is susceptible to corn borer (Registration No. 8136).
옥수수(Zea mays L.)는 벼, 밀과 함께 세계 3대 식량작물로 우리나라뿐 아니라 전세계적으로 식용, 사료용, 바이오에너지 등 다양한 분야에서 이용되고 있다(Woo et al. 2015). 옥수수는 이삭 특성에 따라 찰옥수수, 단옥수수, 일반옥수수, 튀김옥수수 등으로 분류할 수 있으며 용도에 따라서는 사료용, 곡실용, 간식용, 가공용 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 간식용 풋옥수수인 찰옥수수는 재배 기간이 다른 작물에 비해 짧아(85~110일) 다른 작물과 2모작이나 2기작도 가능하여 우리나라에서 여름철 대표적 간식으로 이용되고 있다(Jung et al. 2012, Kim et al. 2014). 국내에서 찰옥수수의 육종 연구가 본격적으로 진행된 것은 1980년대 후반이다. 80년대 중반까지는 방임수분 품종이 주로 재배 되다가 1989년 국내 최초 단교잡종 찰옥수수 품종인 ‘찰옥1호’(Park et al. 1992)가 개발된 이후 수량성, 품질, 재배안정성, 기능성 등을 높이기 위하여 지속적으로 품종 개발이 이루어졌다. 이러한 노력으로 ‘미백찰’(Park et al. 2007a), ‘찰옥4호’(Jung et al. 2006a), ‘일미찰’(Jung et al. 2006b), ‘미백2호’(Park et al. 2007a) 등 고품질 흰옥수수 품종이 개발되었고 ‘미흑찰’(Park et al. 2007b), ‘흑진주찰’(Jung et al. 2009), ‘청춘찰’(Park et al. 2016) 등 안토시아닌을 함유한 품종과 카로티노이드를 함유한 ‘황미찰’(Lee et al. 2017) 등이 개발되었다. 카로티노이드는 옥수수에서 α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin 등의 형태로 존재하며 면역력 강화, 눈의 보호, 항산화, 항암 등의 다양한 기능성을 가지고 있다(Eldahshan & Singab 2013, Cazzonelli 2011, Lee et al. 2017). ‘대학찰골드 1호’(Lee et al. 2009), ‘황미찰’(Lee et al. 2017) 등이 개발되었지만 아쉽게도 소비자에게 널리 보급되지 못하였다. 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 국민건강 증진에 기여할 수 있는 카로티노이드를 함유한 간식용 풋옥수수인 ‘황금맛찰’을 육성하였으며 그 육성경위와 주요특성 그리고 품질특성 및 수량성 등을 보고하자 한다.
‘황금맛찰’의 지역적응검정시험은 2015년부터 2017년까지 3년간 수원, 청원, 홍천, 대구, 진주 5개 지역에서 실시하였다. 시비량은 옥수수 표준시비법을 적용하여 N-P2O5-K20=15-3-6 kg 10a-1으로 주었으며, 질소는 기비 50%, 나머지 50%는 7~8엽기에 추비로 주었다. 시험구 배치는 난괴법 4반복 하였으며 재식거리는 60×25 cm (6,600본 10a-1)로 하였다. 파종은 매년 4월 중⋅하순에 지역검정시험지역 5개소에서 2립씩 파종한 후 3~4엽기에 1개체만 남기고 솎아 주었다. 내병성, 내충성 검정은 자연발생조건에서 깨씨무늬병(Bipolaris maydis), 그을음무늬병(Exserohilum turcicum), 조명나방(Ostrina furnacalis) 등을 조사하였다. 기타 농업적 특성(생육특성, 도복 등)과 품질 검정, 수량성은 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따라 조사하였다. 과피두께는 낱알의 상단부와 끝모자부를 면도칼로 제거하고 낱알의 등 부위를 세로로 잘라 과피를 완전히 벗겨내고 세척한 후 24시간 건조한 후 디지털 두께 게이지(Mitutoyo, Japan)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 낱알 100개의 무게(백립중)를 측정하였으며 길이와 폭은 버니어 캘리퍼스(Mitutoyo, Japan)를 이용하여 측정하였다. Amylose와 amylopectin 함량은 시료 25 mg을 칭량하여 amylose/amylopectin kit (Megazyme, Wicklow, Ireland)을 이용하여 전처리하고, UV/Vis spectrometer (U-3900, Hitach, Japan)로 510 nm에서 측정하여 정량한 후 다음 식을 이용하여 아밀로펙틴 함량을 구하였다.
아밀로펙틴 함량(%)=100-아밀로스 함량(%)
총 카로티노이드 함량분석은 Al-Frarsi et al. (2005)의 방법을 변형하여 측정하였다. 수확한 시료는 -74℃ 초저온냉장고에 저장하여 보관하였고, 동결건조 후 분쇄하여 100 mesh 체로 걸러 분석에 이용하였다. 시료 2 g에 아세톤 : 에탄올 부피 비 1 : 1(200 mg L-1 부틸히드록시톨루엔 첨가) 25 ml을 넣어 암조건에서 추출하였다. 추출액은 4℃, 12,000 rpm으로 10분간 원심분리하여 상등액을 Whatman No.42로 여과한 후 분광광도계(U-3900, HITACHI)로 470 nm에서 측정하였다. 총 카로티노이드 함량은 다음식을 이용하여 계산하였다.
총카로티노이드 함량=100-아밀로스 함량(%)(μgg-1)=(A470×V×106)/(A1%×100×G)
A470은 470 nm에서 흡광도, V는 추출물의 총 부피, A1%는 카로티노이드 1% 혼합물에 대한 흡광계수, G는 시료 중량(g)을 나타낸다.
옥수수 낱알의 경도(Hardness, g ∅ mm-1)는 Texture analyzer (TAX, England)를 이용하여 측정하였으며 식미관능평가는 표준 품종인 ‘일미찰’을 기준으로 하여 외관, 식감, 맛 등에 기반한 전체기호도를 9점 만점으로 하여 보통을 5점으로 평가하였다. 채종 시험은 2015~2016년 강원도 영월지역에서 수행하였으며 재식 거리는 60×25 cm (6,600본 10 a-1)로 2립씩 파종하여 3~4 엽기에 1주에 1개체만 남기고 솎아주었다. 시험구는 모⋅부본 재식 비율 2 : 1과 3 : 1로 3반복하였으며 모본의 웅수는 출웅 시 수작업으로 제거 하였다. 생육특성 및 개화기는 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 따라 실시 하였다. 시험 결과는 SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc.)를 이용하여 통계처리 하였으며, Student’s T-test, Duncan's multiple range (DMR) test를 수행하였다.
육성경위
찰옥수수 ‘황금맛찰’(수원찰77호)은 2006년에 육성된 자식계통 ‘KY37’을 모본(종자친)으로 하고, 2005년에 육성된 자식계통 ‘KY29’를 부본(화분친)으로 하여 2011년에 교잡한 카로티노이드를 다량 함유한 단교잡 찰옥수수 품종이다. ‘황금맛찰’은 2012년에 생산력검정시험을 실시하였고, 2015~2017년까지 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 여러 가지 농업형질이 우수하여, 2017년 농작물직무육성 신품종선정심의회에서 신품종으로 선정되어 품종명을 ‘황금맛찰’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
고유 특성 및 농업적 특성
찰옥수수 ‘황금맛찰’은 웅수의 영기부 및 약의 안토시아닌 색소는 없거나 매우 약하다. 수염색은 자색이며 웅수색은 담색이다. 립색은 황색이며 립형은 나종(waxy)이다(Fig. 2). ‘황금맛찰’의 출사일수는 69일로 ‘일미찰’(71일)에 비하여 2일 빠르며, 간장은 205 cm로 ‘일미찰’(208 cm)보다 조금 작았으며 착수고율은 49%로 ‘일미찰’(51%)보다 낮고 안정적이었다. 이삭길이는 ‘황금맛찰’(20.2 cm)과 ‘일미찰’(20.0 cm)이 비슷하였으며 이삭폭은 ‘황금맛찰’이 4.4 cm로 ‘일미찰’(4.5 cm)보다 작았다. 착립장률은 ‘황금맛찰’이 92%로 ‘일미찰’(96%)보다 낮았다(Table 1).
병충해 및 내재해성
‘황금맛찰’의 병충해 및 내해성은 2015~2017년 수원과 홍천에서 자연발생 조건에서 검정하였다. 깨씨무늬병(Bipolaris maydis)의 발병등급은 중도저항성인 5.6, 그을음무늬병(Exserohilum turcicum)은 발병등급 1로 저항성이 강한 것으로 조사되었으며 각각 ‘일미찰’의 발병등급과 유사하였다. 조명나방 충해 검정에서는 ‘황금맛찰’과 ‘일미찰’이 각각 7.3, 7.2로 감수성을 보였다. 도복에서는 ‘황금맛찰’보다 ‘일미찰’이 약간 강했으나 통계상 유의성은 없었다(Table 2).
품질특성
‘황금맛찰’은 베타카로틴 함량이 높은 찰옥수수 품종으로 Table 3에서 보는 바와 같은 품질특성을 나타내고있다. 베타카로틴은 눈과 피부의 건강, 항상화, 뇌기능 개선등의 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. ‘황금맛찰’의 베타카로틴 함량은 16.4 μg 100 g-1로 ‘일미찰’(1.9 μg 100 g-1)보다 9배 이상 높아서 기능성면에서 우수할 것으로 기대된다. 아밀로펙틴 함량은 94.7%로 ‘일미찰’(94.4%)과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 과피두께 역시 41 μm로 ‘일미찰’(37 μm)보다 약간 두꺼웠지만 통계상 유의성은 없었다. 과피는 50 μm이하로 얇아 질김성이 낮을 것으로 판단되었으며 관능평가 결과 전체기호도가 5.7로 ‘일미찰’(4.4)보다 높아 이삭 외관, 맛 등 시장 가치가 높을 것으로 생각되었다.
수량성 및 채종시험
‘황금맛찰’은 수원, 청원, 홍천, 대구, 진주 5개 지역에서 2015부터 2017년까지 3년간 지역적응시험 결과 10a 당 평균이삭수는 6,389개, 이삭중은 1,246 kg을 나타내어 통계적으로 ‘일미찰’과 평균이삭수 및 이삭중에서는 유의차를 나타내지 않았다(Tables 4, 5). 지역적으로는 진주가 가장 많았고 수원이 가장 적었다. 옥수수 교잡종 생산은 채종지의 토양, 기상 등 환경 조건에 따라 모⋅부본의 출웅⋅출사 등 개화 반응에 차이가 나타날 수 있다. 종자 채종은 2015~2016년 강원도 영월 지역에 ‘황금맛찰’ 모본(KY37)과 부본(KY29)을 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1로 동시 파종하여 종자 생산량을 시험하였다. 시험결과 2015년도에는 3 : 1(265 kg 10 a-1)에서, 2016년도에는 4 : 1(219 kg 10 a-1)에서 가장 채종량이 많았다. 2년 평균을 보면 모⋅부본 재식비율 3 : 1로 파종한 것이 4 : 1로 파종한 것보다 10 kg 10 a-1 정도 증수하여 ‘황금맛찰’의 종자생산 시 모⋅부본 재식비율 3 : 1이 유리할 것으로 판단되었다(Table 6).
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
‘황금맛찰’은 제주도를 제외한 우리나라 모든 지역에서 재배 가능한 1대 단교잡 찰옥수수 품종으로 매년 종자 갱신을 통해 종자가 이용되어야 한다. 조명나방에 대해서 감수성을 나타내어 적절한 시기에 방제를 하여야 하며, 등숙기에는 노린재 피해로 상품성이 떨어질 수 있으므로 적기에 방제하여야 한다. ‘황금맛찰’은 열성인자(wx)를 보유하고 있는 노란색 찰옥수수이므로 일반옥수수, 단옥수수(su, se 등), 초당옥수수(sh, sh2, bt 등), 등 다른 종류의 옥수수와 흰찰옥수수, 검정찰옥수수 등과 함께 재배 시 고유의 특성이 사라지므로 반드시 시간적 혹은 공간적으로 격리 재배하여야 하며 수확 후 시간이 경과할수록 전분이 딱딱해지므로 품질이 우수한 찰옥수수 생산을 위해서는 적기 수확이 필요하다. 너무 과도한 밀식 재배는 끝달림 불량 등 이삭 상품성을 떨어뜨리므로 가급적 표준재배(60×25 cm) 또는 그 이상으로 해야하며 우기 시에는 포장의 배수관리에 신경을 써야한다.
‘황금맛찰’은 자식계통 ‘KY37’을 종자친(모본)으로 하고 ‘KY29’를 화분친(부본)으로 하는 단교잡종 찰옥수수이다. ‘황금맛찰’은 2012년, 2014년 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 2015~2017년 3년간 전국 5개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 수행하였으며 그 우수성이 인정되어 2017년 농촌진흥청 직무육성 신품종으로 선정되었다. ‘황금맛찰’은 베타카로틴을 16.4 μg 100 g-1 함유하고 있어 이삭색은 노란색을 나타내고 이삭 형태는 중간형을 나타낸다. ‘황금맛찰’의 출사일수는 69일로 표준 품종인 ‘일미찰’보다 2일 빠르며 이삭의 길이는 20.2 cm로 ‘일미찰’과 비슷하였고 착립장률은 92%로 ‘일미찰’보다 낮았다. ‘황금맛찰’의 깨씨무늬병, 그을음무늬병, 조명나방 등 병해충 저항성과 도복은 ‘일미찰’과 유사하였다. ‘황금맛찰’의 10a당 이삭수와 이삭중은 각각 6,389개10 a-1, 1,246 kg 10 a-1로 ‘일미찰’과 유사하였다. 백립중은 27.5 g으로 ‘일미찰’보다 작았으며 관능평가 결과 전체기호도가 5.7로 식미가 우수하였다. 채종을 위한 모⋅부분의 개화시기는 대체로 일치하며 모⋅부본 재식 비율을 3 : 1로 하였을 때 가장 높은 채종 효율을 보였다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 연구사업(세부과제명: 식용옥수수 우량 계통시험, 세부시험과제번호: PJ01249702)의 지원에 의해서 이루어진 것입니다.
Fig. 1
Breeding procedure of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’.
KJBS-52-467-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Plant type and ear appearance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’(left: plants, right: ears).
KJBS-52-467-f2.jpg
Table 1
Agronomic characteristics of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)
Table 1
Hybrid Days to silking
(days)		 Culm length
(cm)		 Ear height ratio
(%)		 Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Width (cm) Kernel set ratio (%)
Hwanggeummatchal 69 205 49 20.2 4.4 92
Ilmichal 71 208 51 20.0 4.5 96
tsz 2.35* 0.58ns 3.05** 4.58** 1.62ns 3.78**

zStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 2
Resistance to disease and lodging tolerance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)
Table 2
Hybrid Disease resistance (0~9)z Corn borer
(0~9)z 		Lodging tolerance
(1~9)y
Bipolaris maydis Exserohilum turcicum
Hwanggeummatchal 5.6 1.0 7.3 1.7
Ilmichal 5.0 1.0 7.2 1.3
tsx 1.00ns 1.00ns 0.19ns 1.23ns

zResistance to disease (0: resistant, 9: susceptible), yLodging tolerance (1: strong, 9: weak), xStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level nsp≥0.05)

Table 3
Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)
Table 3
Hybrid Amylopectin ratio (%) β-carotene contents
(μg 100 g-1)		 Pericarp thickness
(μm)		 100 kernel weight
(g)		 Grain Hardness
(g ∅ mm-1)		 Sensory evaluation
(1~9)z
Length
(mm)		 Width
(mm)
Hwanggeum-matchal 94.7 16.4 41 27.5 8.2 8.7 221 5.7
Ilmichal 94.4 1.9 37 33.2 8.7 10.0 226 4.4
tsy 1.13ns 4.41** 1.11ns 1.72ns 1.29ns 3.04* 0.02ns 1.24ns

zSensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent)

yStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 4
The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in number of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. ('15~'17, RYT)
Table 4
Location Hwanggeummatchal (ears 10 a-1) Ilmichal (ears 10 a-1)
'15 '16 '17 Mean '15 '16 '17 Mean
Suwon 5,694 6,667 6,528 6,296 5,139 6,667 6,528 6,111
Hongcheon 6,600 6,600 5,693 6,298 6,518 6,600 5,775 6,298
Cheongju 5,886 6,875 6,198 6,320 6,875 6,927 6,979 6,927
Daegu 6,510 6,146 6,667 6,441 5,938 6,458 5,937 6,111
Jinju 6,534 6,667 6,567 6,589 6,067 6,150 6,383 6,200
Mean 6,245 6,591 6,330 6,389 6,107 6,560 6,321 6,329
tsz = 0.60ns

zStudent’s T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (nsp≥0.05)

Table 5
The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in total weight of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. (’15~’17, RYT)
Table 5
Location Hwanggeummatchal (kg 10 a-1) Ilmichal (kg 10 a-1)
'15 '16 '17 Mean '15 '16 '17 Mean
Suwon 1,008 1,325 1,261 1,198 974 1,461 1,298 1,244
Hongcheon 1,276 1,289 1,065 1,210 1,393 1,325 1,111 1,276
Cheongju 1,177 1,219 1,434 1,277 1,367 1,190 1,269 1,275
Daegu 1,213 1,031 1,485 1,243 1,278 1,193 1,225 1,232
Jinju 1,267 1,274 1,367 1,303 1,303 1,539 1,296 1,379
Mean 1,188 1,228 1,322 1,246 1,263 1,342 1,240 1,281
tsz = 1.25ns

zStudent’s T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (nsp≥0.05)

Table 6
Seed production trial of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in Yeongwol.
Table 6
year Planting Pattern
(♀ : ♂)		 Inbred Silking date Pollen dispersal Plant height
(cm)		 Ear height
(cm)		 F1 seed production
(kg 10 a-1)z
2015 2 : 1 KY37 7/17 　 134 61 202b
KY29　 　 7/15~7/21 171 76 　
3 : 1 KY37 7/17 129 69 265a
KY29　 　 7/15~7/21 191 79
4 : 1 KY37 7/17 130 70 216b
KY29　 7/15~7/21 170 70
2016 2 : 1 KY37 7/10 119 61 172b
KY29 7/11~7/17 154 70
3 : 1 KY37 7/10 115 62 190ab
KY29　 7/11~7/17 134 59
4 : 1 KY37 7/10 122 69 219a
KY29　 7/11~7/17 160 70

zLetters indicated significant differences according to DMR tests at p<0.05.

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‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a Single Cross Hybrid Waxy Corn with High Carotenoid Content and Good Eating Quality
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(4):467-472.   Published online December 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.4.467
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‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a Single Cross Hybrid Waxy Corn with High Carotenoid Content and Good Eating Quality
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(4):467-472.   Published online December 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.4.467
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‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a Single Cross Hybrid Waxy Corn with High Carotenoid Content and Good Eating Quality
Image Image
Fig. 1 Breeding procedure of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’.
Fig. 2 Plant type and ear appearance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’(left: plants, right: ears).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

‘Hwanggeummatchal’, a Single Cross Hybrid Waxy Corn with High Carotenoid Content and Good Eating Quality

Agronomic characteristics of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

Hybrid Days to silking
(days)		 Culm length
(cm)		 Ear height ratio
(%)		 Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Width (cm) Kernel set ratio (%)
Hwanggeummatchal 69 205 49 20.2 4.4 92
Ilmichal 71 208 51 20.0 4.5 96
tsz 2.35* 0.58ns 3.05** 4.58** 1.62ns 3.78**

Resistance to disease and lodging tolerance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

Hybrid Disease resistance (0~9)z Corn borer
(0~9)z		 Lodging tolerance
(1~9)y
Bipolaris maydis Exserohilum turcicum
Hwanggeummatchal 5.6 1.0 7.3 1.7
Ilmichal 5.0 1.0 7.2 1.3
tsx 1.00ns 1.00ns 0.19ns 1.23ns

Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

Hybrid Amylopectin ratio (%) β-carotene contents
(μg 100 g-1)		 Pericarp thickness
(μm)		 100 kernel weight
(g)		 Grain Hardness
(g ∅ mm-1)		 Sensory evaluation
(1~9)z
Length
(mm)		 Width
(mm)
Hwanggeum-matchal 94.7 16.4 41 27.5 8.2 8.7 221 5.7
Ilmichal 94.4 1.9 37 33.2 8.7 10.0 226 4.4
tsy 1.13ns 4.41** 1.11ns 1.72ns 1.29ns 3.04* 0.02ns 1.24ns

The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in number of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. ('15~'17, RYT)

Location Hwanggeummatchal (ears 10 a-1) Ilmichal (ears 10 a-1)
'15 '16 '17 Mean '15 '16 '17 Mean
Suwon 5,694 6,667 6,528 6,296 5,139 6,667 6,528 6,111
Hongcheon 6,600 6,600 5,693 6,298 6,518 6,600 5,775 6,298
Cheongju 5,886 6,875 6,198 6,320 6,875 6,927 6,979 6,927
Daegu 6,510 6,146 6,667 6,441 5,938 6,458 5,937 6,111
Jinju 6,534 6,667 6,567 6,589 6,067 6,150 6,383 6,200
Mean 6,245 6,591 6,330 6,389 6,107 6,560 6,321 6,329
tsz = 0.60ns

The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in total weight of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. (’15~’17, RYT)

Location Hwanggeummatchal (kg 10 a-1) Ilmichal (kg 10 a-1)
'15 '16 '17 Mean '15 '16 '17 Mean
Suwon 1,008 1,325 1,261 1,198 974 1,461 1,298 1,244
Hongcheon 1,276 1,289 1,065 1,210 1,393 1,325 1,111 1,276
Cheongju 1,177 1,219 1,434 1,277 1,367 1,190 1,269 1,275
Daegu 1,213 1,031 1,485 1,243 1,278 1,193 1,225 1,232
Jinju 1,267 1,274 1,367 1,303 1,303 1,539 1,296 1,379
Mean 1,188 1,228 1,322 1,246 1,263 1,342 1,240 1,281
tsz = 1.25ns

Seed production trial of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in Yeongwol.

year Planting Pattern
(♀ : ♂)		 Inbred Silking date Pollen dispersal Plant height
(cm)		 Ear height
(cm)		 F1 seed production
(kg 10 a-1)z
2015 2 : 1 KY37 7/17 　 134 61 202b
KY29　 　 7/15~7/21 171 76 　
3 : 1 KY37 7/17 129 69 265a
KY29　 　 7/15~7/21 191 79
4 : 1 KY37 7/17 130 70 216b
KY29　 7/15~7/21 170 70
2016 2 : 1 KY37 7/10 119 61 172b
KY29 7/11~7/17 154 70
3 : 1 KY37 7/10 115 62 190ab
KY29　 7/11~7/17 134 59
4 : 1 KY37 7/10 122 69 219a
KY29　 7/11~7/17 160 70
Table 1 Agronomic characteristics of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

zStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 2 Resistance to disease and lodging tolerance of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

zResistance to disease (0: resistant, 9: susceptible), yLodging tolerance (1: strong, 9: weak), xStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level nsp≥0.05)

Table 3 Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’. ('15~'17, RYT)

zSensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent)

yStudent’s T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 4 The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in number of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. ('15~'17, RYT)

zStudent’s T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (nsp≥0.05)

Table 5 The yield of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in total weight of fresh ears from regional yield trials for three years. (’15~’17, RYT)

zStudent’s T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (nsp≥0.05)

Table 6 Seed production trial of ‘Hwanggeummatchal’ in Yeongwol.

zLetters indicated significant differences according to DMR tests at p<0.05.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

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