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New Cultivar Developed

조생종 고품질 완전단감 ‘원미’ 육성

마경복1,*, 양상진1, 조예슬1, 조광식2, 강삼석1

‘Wonmi’, an Early Maturing, High-Quality, Sweet Persimmon Cultivar

Kyeong-Bok Ma1,*, Sang-Jin Yang1, Ye-Seul Jo1, Kwang-Sik Cho2, Sam-Seok Kang1
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(3):258-262.
Published online: September 1, 2020

1국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

2영암군 농업기술센터

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: gbma@korea.kr, Tel: +82-61-330-1581, Fax: +82-61-330-1533)
• Received: May 19, 2020   • Revised: May 25, 2020   • Accepted: July 29, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • AbstractIn 2014, a new high-quality, pollination-constant, non-astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. Thunb.) cultivar, ‘Wonmi’, a breeding of ‘Fuyu’ and ‘Taishu’ from 2005, was developed. ‘Wonmi’ fruit were harvested on October 8 in Yeongam, South Korea. The fruit are medium-sized (220 g on average), with a high amount of soluble solids (15.1 °Bx). The juicy flesh has a pleasant taste and crispy texture. The fruit shape is round oblate, and the skin color is orange with a graceful appearance. Physiological disorders, such as stylar-end or fine skin cracking, rarely occur in this cultivar (Registration No. 7724).
  • Keywords: sweet persimmon; PCNA; high quality
감(Diospyros kaki Thunb.)은 동아시아가 원산지인 온대 낙엽성 과수로, 중국에서 처음 발생되어 한국 및 일본으로 전파된 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재에는 미국(켈리포니아), 이탈리아, 이스라엘, 브라질, 오스트레일리아, 그리고 뉴질랜드 등 온대지방의 여러 나라로 확대되어 재배되고 있다(Yonemori et al. 2000).
우리나라에서 감나무는 위도상으로 서해안은 39°선, 내륙지방은 37~38°선, 동해안은 40°선까지 분포하고 있다. 기온상으로는 연평균 기온이 8~10℃의 등온선까지 분포가 제한되며, 중부 이북 지역은 거의 떫은감이고 단감은 대부분 연평균 기온 12℃ 등온선 이하인 지역에 분포한다(Cho & Cho 1965, Kikuchi 1948). 우리나라에서 수집된 재래종과 재배종은 약 244여종이다. 재래감이 수집된 지역은 주로 경상남북도와 전라남북도 그리고 충청북도였으며, 이들 지역에 많은 재래감이 분포하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.
감은 성숙된 과실의 떫은맛의 유무와 종자의 영향에 의한 과육색의 변화에 따라 4가지 타입으로 분류된다(Hume 1914, Kajiura 1946, Kitagawa & Glucina 1984, Yonemori et al. 2000). 4가지 타입은 (1) pollination-constant, non-astringent (PCNA); (2) pollination-variant, non-astringent (PVNA); (3) pollination- constant, astringent (PCA); (4) pollination-variant, astringent (PVA). 불완전(variant) 유형은 수정에 의해 종자가 생기면 과육이 검은 갈색으로 변하고, 완전(constant) 유형은 종자에 의해 과육의 색이 영향을 받지 않는다(Hume 1914). 4가지 유형 중에서 PCNA는 과실의 발달 과정에서 종자의 형성에 관계없이 안정적으로 떫은맛이 없어진다. 따라서 PCNA가 과실의 생산에 가장 바람직한 타입이다(Ikeda et al. 1985, Mitani et al. 2014, Yamada 2005).
단감은 비교적 최근에 일본에서 발생되었으며, 1960년대에 공식적으로 우리나라에 도입되었다. 단감의 재배면적은 2000년 25,060 ha, 생산량은 354 천톤으로 우리나라 과수 중에서 3번째로 많은 생산량을 차지하였다(통계청, http://kosis.kr 2016). 하지만 2000년을 정점으로 계속 줄고 있으며, 2018년 단감의 재배면적은 9,108 ha, 생산량은 101 천톤으로 매년 급격하게 감소하고 있다. 이는 수입과실의 증가와 ‘부유’, ‘차랑’ 등 일부 만생종 품종이 전체 재배면적의 90%이상으로 편중되어 있어 소비자들의 다양한 기호를 충족시키기 어려우며, 또한 수급의 불균형을 야기하여 단감산업발달의 저해 요인으로 지적되고 있다. 따라서 국립원예특작과학원에서는 이를 해결하기 위해 조⋅중생종의 고품질 단감 ‘원미’를 개발 및 보급하고 있다.
국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서는 수확시기가 빠른 조⋅중생종 고품질 완전단감을 개발하기 위해 2005년에 전라남도 영암군 소재 배연구소 포장에 식재되어 있는 ‘부유’에 ‘태추’를 교배하였다(Fig. 1). 교배 종자는 완숙된 과실을 수확하여 상온에 저장한 후 과육이 연화된 다음에 채취하고 물에 씻어서 약간 건조시킨 후 벤레이트 수화제로 종자 소독을 하고, 폴리에틸렌 봉지에 넣어서 파종 전까지 5℃의 저장고에 보관하였다(Cho et al. 2015, Ma et al. 2018).
2006년 3월 상순 버미큘라이트와 펄라이트(2:1, v/v)를 혼합한 상토에 종자를 섞어 20℃에서 15일 간 최아시켰다(Ma et al. 2018). 최아된 종자는 원예용 상토((주)신성미네랄, Korea)를 담은 지피포트(Round 11×10 cm, Jiffy®, Denmark)에 파종하여, 156개체의 교배실생을 획득하여 2006년 4월 본 포장에 재식하였다.
교배실생의 수체생육 및 과실 특성조사는 농림축산식품부 국립종자원의 신품종 심사를 위한 특성조사 요령(KSVS 2007)에 따라 조사하였으며, 정식 5년차부터 3년동안 연차간 반복 조사하였다. 당도는 과실의 중간 부위에서 착즙하여 굴절당도계(Refractometer PAL-1)를 이용하여 측정하였고, 경도는 과실의 중간 부위에서 과피를 제거하고 직경이 ø8 mm인 헤드(Pressure head)를 이용하여 깊이 10 mm까지 압력을 가한 후 측정하였다. 과즙은 식미 테스트를하였고, 꼭지들림, 과정부 열과 등 생리장해와 과실 및 잎의 모양 등은 육안으로 관찰하였다(Ma et al. 2019). 단감 재배지역은 남부지역(경상남도와 전라남도)에 한정되어 시험지간 환경변이가 크지 않아 지역적응시험은 따로 하지 않았다.
육성경위
국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서는 ‘부유’, ‘차랑’ 등 만생종 품종의 편중재배를 해소하기 위해 조⋅중생종 고품질 단감 품종을 개발 및 보급하고 있다. ‘부유’는 과피 열과 등 생리장해 발생이 적으며, ‘태추’는 중만생종 품종으로 과육이 아삭하고, 과즙이 풍부하여 과실의 품질이 우수하기 대문에 교배모부본으로 선정하였다. 2005년 ‘부유’에 ‘태추’를 교배하여 156계통의 교배실생을 얻었다. 교배실생 중에서 수확시기가 빠르고, 생리장해가 적으며, 과실의 품질이 우수한 05-16-44계통을 2012년에 ‘원교 바-9호’로 1차 선발하였다. 이 후 특성 정밀 검정 결과, 연차 간 변이가 적고, 과실 특성이 우수하여 2014년 조생종 고품질 완전단감 품종으로 최종 선발하고 ‘원미’로 명명하여 2015년에 품종보호 출원하였다(Fig. 2).
생육 특성
‘원미’의 수세는 중간 정도이고, 나무 형태는 반개장(半開張)성이었다. 발아기는 4월 8일로 대조품종 ‘상서조생’보다 4일 정도 늦었고, 암꽃의 개화기는 6월 1일로 대조품종 ‘상서조생’보다 1일 정도 늦었다. 꽃의 성표현은 ‘원미’는 암꽃, 수꽃 모두 피는데 반해 ‘상서조생’은 암꽃만 피어 차이를 보였다. ‘원미’의 수꽃은 교배 부본인 ‘태추’에서 도입된 것으로 판단되며, 착화 정도는 ‘태추’의 1/3 수준이었다. 수꽃은 주로 세력이 약한 가지에 발생되기 때문에 세력이 약한 가지는 동계 전정 시 제거하고, 생육기에 양수분관리를 통해 나무의 세력이 약해지지 않도록 관리하여야 한다.
암꽃 화관의 직경은 45.6 mm이었고, 위에서 본 꽃받침 모양은 마름모형이었으며, 꽃부리 엽의 수는 4개였다. 휴면기에 조사한 일년생 가지는 길이가 35.8 cm로 중간정도이었고, 가지의 중간 부위 직경은 7.0 mm로 중간정도이었으며, 양광면의 색깔은 갈색이었다(Table 1, Fig. 3). 일년생 가지의 중간 부위 5 cm 범위 내에서 피목 크기는 2.1 mm로 작았다. 피목의 모양은 편원형인데 반해 ‘상서조생’은 타원형이었으며, 피목수는 171개로 많았으나 ‘상서조생’은 78개로 적었다. 일년생 가지의 눈의 측면 모양은 삼각형이었다. 엽신의 길이는 15.6 cm로 ‘상서조생’ 16.7 cm보다 조금 작았고, 너비는 9.2 cm로 ‘상서조생’ 8.5 cm보다 조금 큰 경향이었다. 엽신의 모양은 난형으로 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’의 타원형과 차이를 보였고, 엽신의 정부모양은 예두인데 반해 ‘상서조생’은 첨두이었으며, 엽신의 기부모양은 원형인데 반해 ‘상서조생’은 좁은뾰족으로 차이를 보였다(Table 1, Fig. 4).
과실 특성
‘원미’의 수확 시기는 영암에서 3년 평균 10월 8일경으로 ‘상서조생’보다 3일 정도 빨랐다(Table 2). 옆에서 본 과실의 일반적 모양은 넓은난형이고, 횡단면의 모양은 원형이었으며, 종단면의 정단부 모양은 둔각형이었다(Table 2, Fig. 5). 과실의 정단부 골의 정도는 없거나 약한 편이었고, 과실 정부의 동심원 균열은 중간정도 이었다. 과피색은 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’과 같은 오렌지색이었다(Table 2, Fig. 5). 과실 배꼽 홈의 깊이는 평평하였고, 꽃받침쪽의 홈은 없었다. 과실의 꽃받침의 자세는 수평이었고, 꼭지들림은 없거나 약한 편이었다. 과피색은 오렌지색이고, 당도는 15.1 °Bx 정도이었으며, 과육의 경도는 4.39 kg/8 mmø이었다(Table 2). 또한 과즙이 많고 과육이 아삭하여 식미가 우수하였다.
재배상 주의점
‘원미’의 과실은 중간 크기이나, 과다 착과 되는 경향이 있으므로 1지1뢰(1 결과지에 1개의 꽃봉오리를 남김) 정도로 적뢰(꽃봉오리 솎기) 및 적과 등 결실관리를 해야 한다. 적뢰는 개화 전 10~15일에 결과지 중간 위치에 충실한 꽃봉오리 1개를 남기고 솎아주고, 잎 5매 이하 결과지의 꽃봉오리는 모두 제거해주어야 한다(Cho et al. 2015, Ma et al. 2019). 또한 과실의 품질을 높이기 위해서 나무의 생육 상태에 따라 추비(여름거름)를 주어 양분의 부족함이 없어야 하고, 양분이 과다하여 도장지가 무성할 경우 과수원 내부의 통풍을 위해 여름철에 도장지를 제거하거나 유인하여야 한다. 과실의 크기가 300 g 이상으로 대과가 될 경우 꼭지들림이 발생할 수 있기 때문에 너무 대과가 되지 않도록 결실관리에 유의하고, 아울러 꼭지들림을 예방하기 위해서는 과실비대기에 주기적인 관수를 실시하여 강우에 의한 과실의 급격한 비대가 되지 않도록 관리하여야 한다.
고품질 조생종 완전단감 품종을 육성하기 위해서 2005년 ‘부유’에 ‘태추’를 교배하여 얻은 실생묘를 전라남도 영암군 소재 배연구소 교배육성 포장에 식재하였고, 그 중에서 과실 특성이 우수한 05-16-44계통을 1차 선발하여 검토한 결과, 연차간 변이가 적고 특성이 우수하여 최종 선발하여 ‘원미’로 명명하였다. 과실의 숙기는 10월 8일경으로 조생종이었고, 평균 과중은 221 g이고, 당도는 15.1 °Bx이었으며, 과즙이 많고, 과육이 아삭하여 식미가 우수하였다. 과형은 편원형이고 과피색은 오렌지색으로 외관이 수려하고, 과정부 열과, 과피미세균열 등 생리장해가 발생하지 않아 재배관리가 쉽다(등록번호: 제7724호).
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(과제번호: PJ01026603)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Pedigree of ‘Wonmi’ persimmon.
KJBS-52-258-f1.gif
Fig. 2
Fruit of ‘Wonmi’ at the harvest time.
KJBS-52-258-f2.gif
Fig. 3
Shapes of one-year-old shoots of ‘Wonmi’ (left) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (right) persimmon.
KJBS-52-258-f3.gif
Fig. 4
Shapes of leaf blade of ‘Wonmi’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.
KJBS-52-258-f4.gif
Fig. 5
Comparison of the fruit shape of ‘Wonmi’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.
KJBS-52-258-f5.gif
Table 1
Tree characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.
Table 1
Cultivar Tree vigor Tree form One-year-old shoot
Length
(cm)		 Thickness
(mm)		 Color of
sunny side		 Number of
lenticels		 Size of
Lenticels
(mm)		 Shape of lenticels
Wonmi Medium Semi- spreading 38.5±7.5z 7.0±0.54 Brown 171±10.4 2.1±0.25 Oblate
Uenisiwase Medium Semi- spreading 43.0±9.8 6.3±0.38 Brown 78±5.9 2.4±0.57 Elliptic
Cultivar Full bloom
date 		Leaf blade Flower Pollen amount
(mg/100 flowers)
Shape Shape of apex Shape of base
Wonmi Jun. 1 Ovate Acute Rounded Male&Female 208±16
Uenisiwase May. 31 Elliptic Medium Acute Female -

zMeans±SE.

Table 2
Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.
Table 2
Cultivar Maturityz Fruit weight (g) Fruit shape Skin color Shape of apex in longitudinal section General shape of
fruit cross section
Wonmi 103 221±13.5y Broad oval Orange Obtuse Rounded
Uenisiwase 106 195±10.8 Oblate Orange Rounded Rounded
Cultivar Soluble solids
(°Bx) 		Firmness
(kg/8 mmø) 		Flesh
juice 		Calyx-end
cracking 		Stylar-end
racking 		Persimmon
typex
Wonmi 15.1±0.53 4.4±0.43 Rich Few Few PCNA
Uenisiwase 13.5±0.39 5.4±0.62 Medium Medium Few PCNA

zDays after full bloom.

yMeans±SE.

xPCNA; pollination constant non-astringent, PVNA; pollination variant non-astringent, PVA; pollination variant astringent, PCA; pollination constant astringent.

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  • 10. Mitani N, Kono A, Yamada M, Sato A, Kobayashi S, Ban Y, Ueno T, Shiraishi M. 2014. Application of marker-assisted selection in persimmon breeding of PCNA offspring using SCAR markers amon the population from the cross between Non-PCNA 'Taigetsu' and PCNA 'Kanshu'. HortScience 49: 1132-1135.
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  • 13. Yonemori K, Sugiura A, Yamada M. Janick J, 2000. Persimmon genetics and breeding. editor. Plant Breeding Rev 19. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. New York, NY: pp. 191-225.

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‘Wonmi’, an Early Maturing, High-Quality, Sweet Persimmon Cultivar
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(3):258-262.   Published online September 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.3.258
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Include:
‘Wonmi’, an Early Maturing, High-Quality, Sweet Persimmon Cultivar
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(3):258-262.   Published online September 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.3.258
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‘Wonmi’, an Early Maturing, High-Quality, Sweet Persimmon Cultivar
Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree of ‘Wonmi’ persimmon.
Fig. 2 Fruit of ‘Wonmi’ at the harvest time.
Fig. 3 Shapes of one-year-old shoots of ‘Wonmi’ (left) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (right) persimmon.
Fig. 4 Shapes of leaf blade of ‘Wonmi’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.
Fig. 5 Comparison of the fruit shape of ‘Wonmi’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

‘Wonmi’, an Early Maturing, High-Quality, Sweet Persimmon Cultivar

Tree characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.

Cultivar Tree vigor Tree form One-year-old shoot
Length
(cm)		 Thickness
(mm)		 Color of
sunny side		 Number of
lenticels		 Size of
Lenticels
(mm)		 Shape of lenticels
Wonmi Medium Semi- spreading 38.5±7.5z 7.0±0.54 Brown 171±10.4 2.1±0.25 Oblate
Uenisiwase Medium Semi- spreading 43.0±9.8 6.3±0.38 Brown 78±5.9 2.4±0.57 Elliptic
Cultivar Full bloom
date		 Leaf blade Flower Pollen amount
(mg/100 flowers)
Shape Shape of apex Shape of base
Wonmi Jun. 1 Ovate Acute Rounded Male&Female 208±16
Uenisiwase May. 31 Elliptic Medium Acute Female -

Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.

Cultivar Maturityz Fruit weight (g) Fruit shape Skin color Shape of apex in longitudinal section General shape of
fruit cross section
Wonmi 103 221±13.5y Broad oval Orange Obtuse Rounded
Uenisiwase 106 195±10.8 Oblate Orange Rounded Rounded
Cultivar Soluble solids
(°Bx)		 Firmness
(kg/8 mmø)		 Flesh
juice		 Calyx-end
cracking		 Stylar-end
racking		 Persimmon
typex
Wonmi 15.1±0.53 4.4±0.43 Rich Few Few PCNA
Uenisiwase 13.5±0.39 5.4±0.62 Medium Medium Few PCNA
Table 1 Tree characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.

zMeans±SE.

Table 2 Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonmi’ sweet persimmon in Yeongam area from 2012 to 2014.

zDays after full bloom.

yMeans±SE.

xPCNA; pollination constant non-astringent, PVNA; pollination variant non-astringent, PVA; pollination variant astringent, PCA; pollination constant astringent.

Table 1

Table 2

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