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호남평야지 재배시기별 조생종 벼 품종의 수량과 이삭 관련 형질 특성 분석

박현수1,*, 서정필1, 백만기1, 이창민1, 김우재1, 이건미1, 김석만1, 김춘송2, 조영찬1

Characterization of Yield and Panicle-related Traits of Early Maturing Rice Varieties by Cultivation Times in the Honam Plain Area of Korea

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(2):115-130.
Published online: June 1, 2020

1농총진흥청 국립식량과학원

2농촌진흥청 연구정책국

1National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea

2Research Policy Bureau, RDA, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea

* Corresponding Author (E-mail: mayoe@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-5214, Fax: +82-63-238-5205)
• Received: February 17, 2020   • Revised: February 26, 2020   • Accepted: March 16, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Characterization of Yield and Panicle-related Traits of Early Maturing Rice Varieties by Cultivation Times in the Honam Plain Area of Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(2):115-130.   Published online June 1, 2020
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Characterization of Yield and Panicle-related Traits of Early Maturing Rice Varieties by Cultivation Times in the Honam Plain Area of Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(2):115-130.   Published online June 1, 2020
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Characterization of Yield and Panicle-related Traits of Early Maturing Rice Varieties by Cultivation Times in the Honam Plain Area of Korea
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Daily temperature and sunshine hours in early, ordinary, and late cultivations.
Fig. 2 Climate conditions in early, ordinary, and late cultivations. Heading date (A), cumulative mean temperature (CMT) from seeding to heading (B) and from heading to 40 days after heading (C), cumulative sunshine hours (CSH) from seeding to heading (D) and from heading to 40 days after heading (E). DAS: days after seeding. Different letters over the bars indicate significant differences at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).
Fig. 3 Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplots of yield-related traits in six early maturing rice varieties across three cultivation times. Heading date (A), culm length (B), panicle length (C), number of panicles per hill (D), number of spikelets per panicle (E), 1,000-grain weight (F), ratio of ripened grain (G), brown/rough rice ratio (H), yield (I). HD: Haedeul, HDS: Haedamssal, JK: Jinkwang, JP: Jopyeong, OD: Odae, UK: Unkwang. E: early cultivation, O: ordinary cultivation, L: late cultivation.
Fig. 4 Path analysis of causal relationship among yield-related traits to explain the variation of yield in early (A), ordinary (B), late (C), and total (D) cultivations. HD: heading date, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, RRG: ration of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio. Continuous single-headed arrows indicate the direct effect on yield.
Fig. 5 Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) biplots of panicle-related traits in six early maturing rice varieties across three cultivation times. Thickness of neck node (A), panicle exsertion (B), number of rachis-branches per panicle (C), density of spikelets in panicle (D), number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle (E), number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle (F), mean number of spikelets on a PRB (G), number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle (H), number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle (I), mean number of spikelets on a SRB (J), ratio of SRBs to PRBs (K), ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs (L), spikelet fertility (M), spikelet fertility on PRBs (N), spikelet fertility on SRBs (O). HD: Haedeul, HDS: Haedamssal, JK: Jinkwang, JP: Jopyeong, OD: Odae, UK: Unkwang. E: early cultivation, O: ordinary cultivation, L: late cultivation.
Fig. 6 Correlation analysis among traits in early (A), ordinary (B), late (C), and total (D) cultivations. HD: heading date, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, RRG: ration of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio, PL2: panicle length on panicle sample, TNN: thickness of neck node, PE: panicle exsertion, NR: number of rachis-branches per panicle, NS2: number of spikelets per panicle on panicle sample, DP: density of spikelets in panicle, NPr: number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle, NSPr: number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle, MNSPr: mean number of spikelets on a PRB, NSr: number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle, NSSr: number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle, MNSSr: mean number of spikelets on a SRB, Sr/Pr: ratio of SRBs to PRBs, SSr/SPr: ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs, SF: spikelet fertility, SFPr: spikelet fertility on PRBs, SFSr: spikelet fertility on SRBs. Blue and red color backgrounds indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively.
Fig. 7 Principle component analysis among traits in early (A), ordinary (B), late (C), and total (D) cultivations. HD: heading date, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, RRG: ration of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio, PL2: panicle length on panicle sample, TNN: thickness of neck node, PE: panicle exsertion, NR: number of rachis-branches per panicle, NS2: number of spikelets per panicle on panicle sample, DP: density of spikelets in panicle, NPr: number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle, NSPr: number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle, MNSPr: mean number of spikelets on a PRB, NSr: number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle, NSSr: number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle, MNSSr: mean number of spikelets on a SRB, Sr/Pr: ratio of SRBs to PRBs, SSr/SPr: ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs, SF: spikelet fertility, SFPr: spikelet fertility on PRBs, SFSr: spikelet fertility on SRBs. HD: Haedeul, HDS: Haedamssal, JK: Jinkwang, JP: Jopyeong, OD: Odae, UK: Unkwang.
Characterization of Yield and Panicle-related Traits of Early Maturing Rice Varieties by Cultivation Times in the Honam Plain Area of Korea

F values for effects of year, cultivation time, variety, and their interactions from ANOVA on yield-related traitsz.

Source of variance df HD CL PL PN NS TGW RRG BRR Yield
Year (Y) 1 219.0**y 89.3** 20.3** 71.5** 2.6ns 223.7** 35.9** 180.8** 9.5**
Cultivation time (T) 2 5994.3** 263.0** 7.0** 97.7** 0.3ns 359.3** 66.9** 139.2** 91.4**
Variety (V) 5 116.9** 131.6** 9.3** 13.2** 53.3** 434.2** 18.3** 11.9** 22.0**
Y×T 2 85.1** 1.0ns 17.4** 80.6** 13.6** 149.3** 7.4** 81.6** 14.5**
Y×V 5 4.4** 4.3** 4.6** 0.3ns 1.9ns 3.9** 6.7** 2.6* 2.4*
T×V 10 11.5** 4.1** 1.7ns 0.5ns 2.7** 6.2** 4.5** 1.5ns 1.0ns
Y×T×V 10 3.2** 0.8ns 0.7ns 1.3ns 2.2* 6.5** 2.8** 4.7** 2.4*

Yield-related traits of varieties by cultivation timez.

Cultivation time Variety HD (DAS) CL (cm) PL (cm) PN NS TGW (g) RRG (%) BRR (%) Yield (kg/10a)
Early Jopyeong 96cy 66az 19a 14b 84b 20.6cd 92.4a 80.6bc 447ab
Odae 97bc 64ab 20a 13c 79b 24.4a 90.2a 80.1c 416b
Unkwang 98b 61b 20a 12c 109a 21.6b 81.5b 80.6bc 491a
Haedamssal 98b 62ab 19a 16a 86b 21.3bc 91.0a 81.6a 494a
Jinkwang 100b 55c 19a 14b 83b 20.5d 83.5b 81.2ab 420ab
Haedeul 104a 65ab 19a 14ab 88b 20.6cd 90.9a 80.7bc 458ab
Mean 99Ax 62C 19B 14B 88A 21.5B 88.2A 80.8B 454C
C.V.(%) 4.1 6.6 4.4 9.6 12.4 6.6 6.0 0.7 9.9

Ordinary Jopyeong 86d 74a 19c 13b 91b 20.5b 91.0a 81.4a 492bc
Odae 88cd 71ab 20bc 13b 74e 24.3a 88.4ab 80.5a 433d
Unkwang 91b 67b 21a 12c 107a 21.7b 86.4b 81.1a 524a
Haedamssal 90bc 68b 19c 15a 80d 21.6b 92.3a 81.6a 509ab
Jinkwang 92ab 59c 21ab 14ab 86c 21.4b 91.3a 81.6a 481c
Haedeul 94a 70ab 20abc 14ab 88bc 21.2b 92.5a 81.3a 479c
Mean 90B 68B 20A 14B 88A 21.8B 90.3A 81.2B 486B
C.V.(%) 3.5 7.8 4.3 6.4 12.1 6.5 4.4 1.6 6.4

Late Jopyeong 72d 79a 19c 17a 94b 22.0c 83.8b 82.7ab 556bc
Odae 75b 78a 20abc 16a 78c 25.3a 82.4b 82.3ab 497e
Unkwang 76b 70c 21a 16a 105a 22.9bc 78.7c 82.1b 598a
Haedamssal 77a 72bc 19c 19a 84bc 23.3b 79.2c 82.7ab 575ab
Jinkwang 74c 61d 21ab 18a 83c 22.7bc 79.2c 83.2a 532cd
Haedeul 77a 74b 20bc 18a 80c 22.3bc 89.6a 82.8ab 522de
Mean 75C 72A 20A 17A 87A 23.1A 82.2B 82.6A 547A
C.V.(%) 2.9 8.6 3.7 16.1 12.2 5.2 4.9 0.7 6.8

Total 88 68 20 15 88 22.1 86.9 81.6 496
C.V.(%) 11.9 10.3 5.7 19.1 13.5 7.0 7.4 1.6 12.2

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance for yield-related traits of varieties (genotype) by cultivation time (environment)z.

Source of variation df HD CL PL PN NS TGW RRG BRR Yield

SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%)
Genotype (G) 5 520**y 4.4 2,417** 46.4 27** 19.8 97** 11.2 9,361** 62.4 152** 59.8 884** 20.1 14ns 7.1 95,606** 24.5
Environment (E) 2 10,657** 90.8 1,933** 37.1 8ns 5.9 288** 33.4 24ns 0.2 50** 19.8 1,292** 29.4 65** 33.6 158,977** 40.7
Rep (E) 6 22ns 0.2 106* 2.0 8ns 5.9 22ns 2.6 362ns 2.4 1ns 0.4 111ns 2.5 2ns 1.0 14,766ns 3.8
G×E 10 102* 0.9 152* 2.9 10ns 7.1 7ns 0.8 931ns 6.2 4ns 1.7 437* 9.9 4ns 1.8 8,440ns 2.2
Residuals 84 436 3.7 602 11.6 83 61.3 448 52.0 4,334 28.9 46 18.3 1,672 38.0 109 56.4 112,393 28.8

AMMI PC1 6 41 79.3 71 93.2 4 83.6 3 76.5 291 62.5 2 81.3 118 54.0 1 79.4 3,298 78.1
AMMI PC2 4 11 20.7 5 6.8 1 16.4 1 23.5 175 37.5 0 18.7 100 46.0 0 20.6 923 21.9

F values for effects of year, cultivation time, variety, and their interactions from ANOVA on panicle traitsz.

Source of variance df PL2 TNN PE NR NS2 DP NPr NSPr MNSPr NSr NSSr MNSSr Sr/Pr SSr/SPr SF SFPr SFSr
Year (Y) 1 0.4ns y 96.35** 4.3* 13.6** 15.4** 20.5** 8.2** 11.2** 5.3* 12.5** 12.0** 4.1* 8.0** 5.6* 1.4ns 11.7** 7.7**
Cultivation time (T) 2 11.6** 12.45** 34.5** 14.1** 11.9** 9.8** 2.3ns 3.6* 51.2** 18.2** 12.5** 0.6ns 26.1** 9.0** 19.7** 0.3ns 25.6**
Variety (V) 5 7.7** 10.25** 26.2** 29.0** 20.2** 16.9** 9.7** 9.9** 29.2** 32.9** 23.6** 2.6* 31.6** 22.6** 11.0** 2.8* 10.1**
Y×T 2 3.7* 15.95** 12.2** 4.5* 3.9* 0.7ns 3.8* 5.3** 7.7** 7.1** 6.8** 2.2ns 12.3** 10.0** 2.8ns 2.0ns 1.3ns
Y×V 5 1.6ns 0.4ns 1.9ns 1.3ns 1.0ns 0.9ns 2.0ns 1.4ns 0.7ns 1.1ns 0.7ns 1.1ns 0.6ns 0.3ns 1.5ns 1.4ns 1.2ns
T×V 10 1.2ns 1.6ns 8.6** 1.6ns 1.4ns 1.0ns 1.7ns 1.4ns 1.3ns 1.6ns 1.3ns 0.6ns 1.5ns 1.1ns 2.8** 1.4ns 2.7**
Y×T×V 10 1.8ns 0.9ns 1.0ns 1.6ns 1.7ns 1.1ns 0.7ns 0.9ns 1.7ns 1.9ns 1.9ns 1.5ns 2.0ns 1.8ns 1.0ns 0.6ns 2.3*

Panicle-related traits of varieties by cultivation timez.

Cultivation time Variety PL2 (cm) TNN (mm) PE (cm) NR NS2 DP (no./cm) NPr NSPr MNSPr NSr NSSr MNSSr Sr/Pr SSr/SPr SF (%) SFPr (%) SFSr (%)
Early Jopyeong 18.7by 1.3bc 4.7ab 30b 107b 5.7ab 9c 49c 5.4c 21ab 58ab 2.9a 2.3a 1.2a 95.7a 96.8a 94.7a
Odae 19.4ab 1.2c 4.5ab 25bc 99b 4.9b 10ab 56ab 5.5bc 15c 43c 2.8a 1.5d 0.8c 96.0a 96.6a 95.1a
Unkwang 20.3a 1.4a 4.1b 35a 128a 6.2a 11a 60a 5.7ab 24a 68a 2.8a 2.3a 1.1a 93.5a 96.2a 91.1a
Haedamssal 18.2b 1.2bc 5.4a 26bc 100b 5.5ab 9bc 53bc 5.7a 17bc 47bc 2.8a 1.8bc 0.9bc 93.9a 95.1a 92.5a
Jinkwang 18.7b 1.4ab 4.0b 28bc 104b 5.5ab 9c 50bc 5.5bc 19bc 54bc 2.9a 2.0ab 1.1ab 92.7a 95.6a 89.8a
Haedeul 18.8b 1.2bc 5.1a 24c 94b 4.9b 9c 52bc 5.6ab 15c 42c 2.8a 1.6cd 0.8c 94.3a 95.6a 92.5a
Mean 19.0Bx 1.3B 4.6B 28A 105B 5.5B 10A 53B 5.6B 18B 52B 2.8A 1.9B 1.0B 94.3A 96.0A 92.6A
C.V.(%) 6.3 11.8 19.3 17.9 15.6 13.4 10.4 11.4 3.4 24.4 24.6 3.9 21.5 22.4 3.1 3.0 4.5

Ordinary Jopyeong 19.1c 1.2b 5.9b 30b 108b 5.7b 10b 52b 5.3c 20b 57b 2.8a 2.1bc 1.1ab 95.8a 96.6a 95.0a
Odae 19.8bc 1.3b 5.6bc 24c 95b 4.8c 10b 54b 5.4c 14c 41c 2.8a 1.4d 0.8c 94.9a 96.5ab 92.8a
Unkwang 21.1a 1.6a 5.0cd 41a 146a 6.9a 11a 64a 5.6ab 29a 83a 2.8a 2.6a 1.3a 90.6b 95.1ab 87.1b
Haedamssal 19.1c 1.2b 7.4a 26bc 101b 5.3bc 10b 55b 5.7a 17bc 46bc 2.8a 1.7cd 0.8c 91.0b 95.1ab 86.3b
Jinkwang 20.8ab 1.5ab 4.5d 30b 111b 5.3bc 9b 52b 5.5bc 21b 60b 2.9a 2.2b 1.2ab 94.7a 96.5ab 93.1a
Haedeul 20.3abc 1.3b 5.9b 27bc 104b 5.1bc 9b 53b 5.7a 18bc 51bc 2.9a 1.9bc 1.0bc 93.4a 94.1b 93.0a
Mean 20.0A 1.4AB 5.7A 30AB 111AB 5.5B 10A 55AB 5.5B 20B 56AB 2.8A 2.0B 1.0AB 93.4A 95.6A 91.2A
C.V.(%) 6.1 16.2 19.3 21.2 19.1 15.9 10.7 12.1 3.4 28.1 29.7 3.9 22.1 24.5 3.0 2.0 6.0

Late Jopyeong 19.4a 1.3a 6.1a 35ab 124ab 6.4ab 10a 54a 5.6d 26ab 70ab 2.7ab 2.6ab 1.3ab 94.2a 97.7a 91.6a
Odae 20.1a 1.4a 6.4a 28c 109b 5.4c 10a 56a 5.6d 18c 52c 2.8ab 1.8c 0.9c 92.1abc 96.9ab 87.0a
Unkwang 20.6a 1.6a 3.4c 38a 136a 6.6a 10a 58a 5.9bc 28a 79a 2.8ab 2.9a 1.4a 89.2c 95.4abc 84.7a
Haedamssal 19.6a 1.4a 4.8b 31bc 118b 6.0abc 9a 57a 6.1ab 22bc 60bc 2.7b 2.3b 1.0bc 84.3d 93.2c 75.1b
Jinkwang 19.5a 1.4a 3.8c 30bc 113b 5.8bc 10a 54a 5.7cd 21bc 59bc 2.8ab 2.2bc 1.1bc 89.8bc 94.6bc 85.2a
Haedeul 20.2a 1.5a 4.1bc 30c 116b 5.8bc 9a 57a 6.1a 20c 59bc 2.9a 2.2bc 1.0bc 93.7ab 97.8a 89.9a
Mean 19.9A 1.4A 4.8B 32A 119A 6.0A 10A 56A 5.8A 22A 63A 2.8A 2.3A 1.1A 90.5B 96.0A 85.6B
C.V.(%) 5.3 19.6 27.7 16.1 13.9 11.7 7.7 7.6 4.3 21.8 23.2 5.4 20.6 22.1 5.0 2.9 8.9

Total 19.6 1.4 5.0 30 112 5.7 10 55 5.6 20 57 2.8 2.1 1.0 92.8 95.9 89.8
C.V.(%) 6.3 16.9 24.2 19.2 16.9 14.1 9.7 10.6 4.4 25.9 26.9 4.3 23.1 24.0 4.1 2.6 7.4

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance for panicle-related traits of varieties (genotype) by cultivation time (environment)z.

Source of variation df TNN PE NR DP NPr NSPr MNSPr NSr NSSr MNSSr Sr/Pr SSr/SPr SF SFPr SFSr

SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%) SS (%)
Genotype (G) 5 0.9**y 16.8 51.3** 32.2 1,659** 47.3 26.1** 37.9 26.4** 27.7 985** 27.3 2.6** 38.9 1,418** 48.4 10,856** 42.9 0.2ns 10.8 11.0** 44.8 2.9** 43.5 394** 25.2 75* 10.9 983** 21.0
Environment (E) 2 0.5* 8.2 27.1** 17.0 322** 9.2 6.0** 8.8 2.5ns 2.7 145ns 4.0 1.8** 27.3 314** 10.7 2,303** 9.1 0.0ns 1.0 3.6** 14.8 0.5** 7.0 281* 18.0 3ns 0.4 998** 21.3
Rep (E) 6 0.2ns 2.9 3.7ns 2.3 62ns 1.8 1.3ns 1.9 2.0ns 2.1 90ns 2.5 0.1ns 1.5 45ns 1.5 401ns 1.6 0.1ns 4.4 0.3ns 1.1 0.1ns 1.0 99* 6.4 89* 12.9 223ns 4.8
G×E 10 0.3ns 5.2 33.9** 21.2 183ns 5.2 3.2ns 4.6 9.1ns 9.6 288ns 8.0 0.2ns 3.6 140ns 4.8 1,186ns 4.7 0.1ns 5.1 1.0ns 4.2 0.3ns 4.2 202** 12.9 73ns 10.6 536* 11.4
Residuals 84 3.7 66.8 43.5 27.3 1,283 36.6 32.3 46.8 55.1 58.0 2,097 58.2 1.9 28.7 1,013 34.6 10,582 41.8 1.3 78.8 8.6 35.0 2.9 44.3 587 37.5 450 65.3 1,952 41.6

AMMI PC1 6 0.1 80.4 15.1 89.2 81.4 89.1 1.3 84.8 3.8 83.9 114 79.4 0.1 91.6 60.7 86.8 490 82.6 0.0 95.3 0.3 67.3 0.1 67.4 79.2 78.4 34.0 93.3 225 84.2
AMMI PC2 4 0.0 19.6 1.8 10.8 10.0 10.9 0.2 15.2 0.7 16.1 30 20.6 0.0 8.4 9.2 13.2 103 17.4 0.0 4.7 0.2 32.7 0.0 32.6 21.8 21.6 2.5 6.7 42 15.8
Table 1 F values for effects of year, cultivation time, variety, and their interactions from ANOVA on yield-related traitsz.

df: degree of freedom, HD: heading date, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight, RRG: ratio of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio

ns, *, and ** mean not significant, significant at p<0.05, and p<0.01 by three-way ANOVA, respectively.

Table 2 Yield-related traits of varieties by cultivation timez.

HD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight of brown rice, RRG: ratio of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio

Means with same letters in a column are not significantly different at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).

Capital letters indicate statistic different among cultivation time

Table 3 Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance for yield-related traits of varieties (genotype) by cultivation time (environment)z.

df: degree of freedom, HD: heading date, DAS: days after seeding, CL: culm length, PL: panicle length, PN: number of panicles per hill, NS: number of spikelets per panicle, TGW: 1,000-grain weight of brown rice, RRG: ratio of ripened grain, BRR: brown/rough rice ratio, SS: sum of squares, PC: principle component

ns, *, and ** mean not significant, significant at p<0.05, and p<0.01 by ANOVA, respectively.

Table 4 F values for effects of year, cultivation time, variety, and their interactions from ANOVA on panicle traitsz.

df: degree of freedom, PL2: panicle length on panicle sample, TNN: thickness of neck node, PE: panicle exsertion, NR: number of rachis-branches per panicle, NS2: number of spikelets per panicle on panicle sample, DP: density of spikelets in panicle, NPr: number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle, NSPr: number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle, MNSPr: mean number of spikelets on a PRB, NSr: number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle, NSSr: number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle, MNSSr: mean number of spikelets on a SRB, Sr/Pr: ratio of SRBs to PRBs, SSr/SPr: ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs, SF: spikelet fertility, SFPr: spikelet fertility on PRBs, SFSr: spikelet fertility on SRBs

ns, *, and ** mean no significant, significant at p<0.05, and p<0.01 by three-way ANOVA, respectively.

Table 5 Panicle-related traits of varieties by cultivation timez.

PL2: panicle length on panicle sample, TNN: thickness of neck node, PE: panicle exsertion, NR: number of rachis-branches per panicle, NS2: number of spikelets per panicle on panicle sample, DP: density of spikelets in panicle, NPr: number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle, NSPr: number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle, MNSPr: mean number of spikelets on a PRB, NSr: number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle, NSSr: number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle, MNSSr: mean number of spikelets on a SRB, Sr/Pr: ratio of SRBs to PRBs, SSr/SPr: ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs, SF: spikelet fertility, SFPr: spikelet fertility on PRBs, SFSr: spikelet fertility on SRBs

Means with same letters in a column are not significant at p<0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT).

Capital letters indicate statistic different among cultivation time

Table 6 Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance for panicle-related traits of varieties (genotype) by cultivation time (environment)z.

df: degree of freedom, TNN: thickness of neck node, PE: panicle exsertion, NR: number of rachis-branches per panicle, DP: density of spikelets in panicle, NPr: number of primary rachis-branch (PRB)es per panicle, NSPr: number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle, MNSPr: mean number of spikelets on a PRB, NSr: number of secondary rachis-branch (SRB)es per panicle, NSSr: number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle, MNSSr: mean number of spikelets on a SRB, Sr/Pr: ratio of SRBs to PRBs, SSr/SPr: ratio of spikelets on SRBs to spikelets on PRBs, SF: spikelet fertility, SFPr: spikelet fertility on PRBs, SFSr: spikelet fertility on SRBs, SS: sum of squares, PC: principle component

ns, *, and ** mean no significant, significant at p<0.05, and p<0.01 by ANOVA, respectively.