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Review Article

과수육종 역사, 현황과 전망

정경호1,*, 남은영1, 권정현1, 허윤영1, 권순일2, 김윤경3, 마경복3, 윤수현4, 이목희5, 박영식6, 이석호7, 김은주8, 박문영9, 박원흠10, 이형일11, 서혜영12, 김은경13, 강종훈14

The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea

Kyeong Ho Chung1,*, Eun Young Nam1, Jung Hyun Kwon1, Youn Young Hur1, Soon Il Kwon2, Yoon Kyeong Kim3, Kyeong Bok Ma3, Su Hyun Yun4, Mock Hee Lee5, Young Sik Park6, Seok Ho Lee7, EunJu Kim8, Moon Young Park9, Won Heum Park10, Hyung Il Lee11, Hye Young Suh12, Eun Gyeong Kim13, Jong Hoon Kang14
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(Special Issue):144-160.
Published online: April 30, 2020

1농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 과수과

2농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 사과연구소

3농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

4농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 감귤연구소

5농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 남해출장소

6강원도농업기술원 원예연구과

7충청북도농업기술원 포도연구소

8전라북도농업기술원 원예과

9전라남도농업기술원 과수연구소

10경상북도농업기술원 원예경영연구과

11경상북도농업기술원 청도복숭아연구소

12경상북도농업기술원 상주감연구소

13경상남도농업기술원 단감연구소

14제주특별자치도농업기술원 감귤아열대연구과

1Fruit Res. Div., Nat̻l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea

2Apple Res. Inst., Naṯl Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea

3Pear Res. Inst., Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Naju 58216, Republic of Korea

4Citrus Res. Inst., Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Seogwipo 63607, Republic of Korea

5Namhae Branch, Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Namhae 2430, Republic of Korea

6Hort. Res. Div., Gangwondo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Chuncheon 2422, Republic of Korea

7Grape Res. Inst., Chungcheongbukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Okcheon 2901, Republic of Korea

8Hort. Industry Div., Jeollabukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Gimjae 54591, Republic of Korea

9Fruit Res. Center., Jeollanamdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Haenam 5021, Republic of Korea

10Hort. and Management Res. Dept., Gyeongsangbukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv. (GARES), Daegu 444, Republic of Korea

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* Corresponding Author (E-mail: kh2chung@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-6741, Fax: +82-33-238-6705)
• Received: November 14, 2019   • Revised: January 21, 2020   • Accepted: February 21, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Although small-scaled breeding programs for apples, pears, and grapes were conducted in the 1930s and 1940s, national fruit breeding programs by the Korean government were commenced after the foundation of the National Horticultural Technical Institute on May 20, 1953, and the programs were confined to apples and pears. Peach and grape breeding programs were started after the establishment of Rural Development Administration (RDA), with the Horticultural Experiment Station as its affiliated research organization in 1962. However, because of insufficiencies in breeding infrastructure, manpower, and funds during the 1960s and 1970s, most efforts were devoted to the collection and selection of wild Akebia and Actinidia, local varieties of astringent persimmons, jujube, and apricot, and adaptability tests of foreign fruit varieties. Fruit breeding programs became more activate with the establishment of the Apple Research Institute, the Pear Research Institute and the Citrus Research Institute as subsidiary organizations of the Fruit Research Institute, RDA, in 1991, and with Fruit Experiment Stations for grapes, persimmons, and peaches as affiliated provincial research organizations in early 1990s to cope with the domestic agricultural market opened by Uruguay Round Agreements. The legislation of the Seed Industry Law in 1995 and joining the UPOV in 2002 contributed to fruit breeding activation in the private sector. The results of such breeding programs include the development of the ‘Danbae’ pear as the first fruit variety in 1967, the ‘Yumyong’ peach in 1977, the ‘Hongro’ apple, and the ‘Cheongsoo’ grape. After the Korea-Chile FTA, effective in 2004, research projects for the development of molecular markers linked to disease resistance in fruit trees and seedless grapes have been carried out to improve the competitiveness of the Korean fruit industry. However, the establishment of a molecular breeding system based on genome sequence information and collaboration among research organizations are required for competition in domestic and foreign fresh fruit markets. In this review, we analyze the achievement from the fruit breeding programs operated by central and local autonomous governments since 1945, and propose future directions and strategies.
한국육종학회 50주년 기념 심포지엄 발표를 계기로 그동안의 과수육종 성과를 분석하였다. 우리나라 과수 교배육종사업은 농림부 소속의 중앙원예기술원(국립원예특작과학원의 전신) 제2과(수원 서둔동 소재)에서 ‘Golden Delicious’בBen Davis (倭錦)’ 등 사과 3조합과 ‘장십랑’ב청실리’ 등 배 8조합을 인공 교배했던 1954년부터 시작하여 65년이 흘렸다. 그동안 한국원예발달사나 농촌진흥청 30년사 등에서 그 추진 내용과 성과를 정리, 분석한 바 있지만 최근의 것까지 포함하여 자료로 남길 필요가 있었다. 그러나 1998년부터 농촌진흥청과 각 도농업기술원의 시험연구사업보고서가 논문 형식의 완결과제 보고 형태[시행 전과 같은 양식의 시디롬(CD-ROM) 버전도 별도 제작]로 변경되어 보고서만으로는 연도별 육종사업 추진사항 파악이 불가능하였다. 이번에 육종사업 관련 자료를 취합 수 있었던 것이 다행이라 생각한다. 그러나 대학 등에서 이루어진 내용을 정리하지 못하였고, 도농업기술원의 육종사업 성과도 충분히 분석할 수 없어 앞으로 보완이 필요하다. 아무쪼록 이 자료가 지금까지의 우리나라 과수육종사업을 이해하는데 작은 도움이 되었으면 한다.
미국에 보빙사절단을 파견한 이듬해인 1884년에 서양 채소, 과수 등의 시범재배 등을 위하여 농무목축시험장을 설치한 바 있고, 1905년경에는 농상공부에서 근대적 농사시험장을 대구에 설치할 계획도 마련하고 있었다. 그러나 일제는 우리나라 농업을 식민지 농업으로 재편하기 위하여 을사조약 이후인 1906년 4월에 「통감부권업모범장관제」를 발표하고 같은 해 6월 15일에 경기도 수원군 서둔평(현재의 수원시 서둔동)에 조선통감부 권업모범장을 설치하였다. 비록 1906년 9월 6일 칙령 제37호에 의거 대한제국 농업연구기관으로 농상공부 원예모범장을 설치하였으나 1907년 12월 30일 관제 개정으로 일본인(장장과 직원의 절반)이 운영하는 기관으로 전락하고 1910년에는 총독부 권업모범장으로 통폐합됨으로써 자주적인 농업 발전이 한동안 좌절될 수 밖에 없었다. 조선총독부 농사시험장 종예부 원예계에서는 일본 재배 품종의 품질 개량을 목적으로 1931년에는 ‘이십세기’ב자리(慈梨)’ 등 배 6조합, 1934년에는 ‘Black Hamburg’בMuscat Hamburg’ 등 포도 6조합, 1942년에는 ‘Doyle’בEarly Red Bird’ 등 사과 12조합의 인공교배를 실시하였지만 큰 성과는 없었다. 자주적인 과수육종사업은 1953년 5월 20일자로 농림부 소속 중앙원예기술원을 설립하면서 사과와 배를 중심으로 시작하였고, 1962년에 농사원이 농촌진흥청으로 바뀌고 원예시험장 과수과 직원도 늘어나 복숭아, 포도 교배육종이 이루어질 수 있었다(Table 1).
농사원(농촌진흥청) 원예시험장 과수과가 수원시 서둔동에 있었던 시절에는 육종 및 재배 시험연구포장의 총면적이 5 ha에 불과하였으나 1967년에 3곳(수원 서둔동, 서울 휘경동, 부산 동래)에 흩어져 있던 연구포장을 수원시 이목동으로 통합 이전함으로써 현대적인 면모를 갖출 수 있었지만 내건성이 강한 핵과류, 포도 육종포는 평탄화가 제대로 되지도 않은 구릉지에 조성되어 포장 여건이 매우 열악하였다. 이런 문제 해결을 위해 구릉지 평탄화와 골짜기 논 성토 작업 등을 2000년대 중반까지 지속하였다. 그러나 도시 발달에 따른 도로 개설, 전력 공급시스템 신설 등으로 핵과류와 포도 육종 포장이 감소하여 산림청으로부터 여주산지(2.90 ha)를 임차하여 신규조성하거나 화성시 봉담읍 수영리(배 7.05 ha, 핵과류 7.32 ha) 및 천안시 성환읍(사과 2.15 ha) 소재 축산연구소 초지를 관리전환 받아 활용하기도 하였다. 원예연구소 대구사과연구소와 나주배연구소에서도 육종 포장 확대 노력이 있었다. 2013년 공공기관 지방이전 계획에 따라 국립원예특작과학원 본원이 전라북도 완주군 이서면으로 이전함으로써 과수과 육종포장은 46 ha로 증가하였다(Table 2). 그러나 유전자원 보존⋅관리와 분자표지 개발 등을 목적으로 하는 다양한 교배실생 집단 운영을 위해서는 여전히 부족한 실정이다.
과수 육종 담당 연구 인력은 1958년 농림부 소속의 중앙원예기술원 시절에는 3명이었으나 1990년대 초반 농업 분야 우루과이라운드 협상 타결에 따른 농산물시장 개방에 대응하기 위하여 1991년에 과수연구소와 그 소속기관으로 사과, 배, 감귤 연구소를 신설함에 따라 크게 증가하여 2002년에는 30명에 이르게 되었다. 1997년 IMF 이후 작은 정부 구축을 위한 조직개편 등에 따라 2019년 현재 23명 정도의 연구직공무원이 과수 육종 연구개발사업을 담당하고 있다(Fig. 1).
육종 소재인 유전자원은 외국의 육종 및 유전자원 연구기관으로부터 꾸준히 도입하여 2017년 5월 현재 4497점을 보존하고 있다(Fig. 2, Table 3). 이 중 사과와 배는 국립원예특작과학원 과수과와 사과연구소, 배연구소에서 중복보존하고 있다. 아몬드(Prunus dulcis)와 일부 유럽종 포도(Vitis vinifera) 유전자원은 약한 내한성으로 소실되는 경우도 있었고, 포장 부족, 잦은 이동 및 관리 소홀 등으로 혼입 문제도 발생하기도 하였다.
중앙원예기술원 제2과에서 1954년에 교배육종사업을 시작하였으며, 과수연구소가 신설된 이듬해인 1992년부터는 과수육종과와 대구사과연구소에서 동시에 진행하였으나 IMF 구제 후 업무 기능 중복문제 해소를 위한 정부조직 개편의 일환으로 2000년 과수육종과 사과육종연구실을 특수육종및자원연구실로 개편함으로써 일반 교배육종 기능을 대구사과연구소로 이관하였으며, 2007년부터는 사과연구소로 일원화하였다. 1954년부터 2018년까지 1,014조합을 교배하여, 33품종(꽃사과 3품종 제외)을 육성하였으며, 현재 3명(연구관 1, 연구사 2)이 11.93 ha 육종포장에서 교배육종사업을 추진하고 있다(Fig. 3). 교잡육종에 교배친으로 가장 많이 사용한 것은 ‘후지’였는데, 이는 ‘후지’의 착색성 보완이나 저장력 좋은 품종 육성 시도가 많았기 때문이었다(Table 4). 한편 과수연구소/원예연구소 과수육종과에서는 곁가지 길이가 매우 짧은(columnar) 사과 품종 육성을 위해 1992년에 ‘후지’בMcIntosh Wijcik’ 등 4조합 교배를 시작으로 2006년까지 122조합을 교배하여 2008년에 단과지1, 2호를 선발하였다. 자가적과성 품종 개발에서는 육종 소재 선발(2002~2004), ‘채향’(아오리9호) 및 FST #1에서 MdJOINTLESS 유전자 개발, 자가적과성 계통 육성 및 조기선발 분자표지 개발(2011~2015)을 통하여 2015년에는 중간모본 ‘자가적과1호’를 선발하였다. 1996년부터 1998년까지는 ‘후지’בOBIR2T47’ 등 12조합을 대상으로 검은별무늬병 저항성 계통선발도 시도한 바 있다(Table 4).
사과와 함께 1954년에 교배육종사업을 시작하였으며, 2000년에는 과수육종과 배육종연구실을 특수육종및자원연구실로 개편함으로써 일반 교배육종사업은 나주배연구소로 이관하였다. 1954년부터 2018년까지 970조합을 교배하여 50품종(관상용 제외)을 육성하였다(Fig. 4). 한편, 원예연구소 과수육종과에서는 1991년부터 2006년까지 ‘오사(おさ)二十世紀’를 이용한 자가결실성 품종 육성을 목적으로 58조합을 교배하여 중간모본으로 자수정 1~5호를 육성하였으며, 검은별무늬병 저항성 품종 육성을 위하여 1998년부터 2006년까지 12조합을 교배하여 중간모본으로 흑성 1~3호를 선발하였다(Table 5). 최근에는 중소과성, 껍질째 먹을 수 있는 품종, 적색 과피 품종 육성에 집중하고 있다. 현재 배연구소에는 2명(연구관 1, 연구사 1)이 9.81 ha 육종포장에서 교배육종사업을 추진하고 있다.
1971년 원예시험장 김해지장에서 ‘부유’ב조홍시’ 등 4조합을 교배한 바 있으나 감 관련 업무를 나주지장으로 이관함으로써 육종사업이 한동안 단절되었다. 나주지장에서는 1985~1986, 1994~1995년에 소규모 교배를 하였으나 2004년부터는 본격적인 육종사업을 추진하였다. 2005년에는 배연구소에 감연구실을 신설함으로써 육종사업이 더욱 활성화되었다. 1971년부터 2017년까지 239조합으로부터 17품종을 육성하였다(Fig. 5). 최근에는 껍질째 먹을 수 있는 완전단감 품종 개발에 집중하고 있다. 한편, 원예시험장 김해지장에서는 1959년부터 1964년까지 재래종 233계통을 수집하고, 이를 이관 받은 나주지장에서는 1974~1981년에 특성평가를 거쳐 ‘곡성월하시’ 등 12품종을 최종선발한 바 있다. 현재 연구사 1명이 전남 나주시 금천면 고동리와 영암군 시종면 봉소리⋅구산리(영암포장)의 5.01 ha 육종포장에서 교배육종사업을 추진하고 있다.
복숭아(천도 포함) 육종은 농촌진흥청 원예시험장 과수과에서 1963년부터 수행하였으며, 2019년까지 822교배조합으로부터 18품종을 육성하였다(Fig. 6). 자두 육종은 1990년부터 소규모로 이루어져 ‘퍼플퀸’ 등 6품종을 육성하였고, 자두와 살구 잡종인 플럼코트(plumcot) 육종은 2000년부터 시작하여 22교배조합으로부터 ‘하모니’ 등 4품종을 개발하였다. 살구 육종은 1968년부터 1971년까지 원예시험장 김해지장에서 선발 재래종끼리 또는 ‘Moorepark’ 등에 선발 재래종을 교배하였으나 성과로 이어지지 않았다. 1996년부터 2017년까지 원예연구소 과수육종과나 국립원예연구소 과수과에서 118조합을 교배하였으며, 2002년에는 ‘초하’를 육성하였다. 나주배연구소에서는 1993년에 ‘남고’ב임주’ 등 3조합으로부터 ‘단아’ 등 매실 4품종을 개발하였다(Table 6). 그 밖에 2001년부터는 세엽성(willow leaf), 왜화성, 하수성(drooping) 유전자 도입에 의한 생력형 복숭아 신품종 개발을 목표로 18조합을 교배하여 세엽성 우량 교배실생을 다수 선발하였다. 핵과류 육종사업은 현재 국립특작과학원 과수과에서만 수행하고 있으며 연구사 2명이 21.11 ha 육종포장에서 복숭아, 자두, 플럼코트, 양앵두 교배육종사업을 추진하고 있다.
농촌진흥청 원예시험장 과수과에서 1963년도부터 교배육종을 시작하였으며, 2018년까지 1797교배조합으로부터 17품종을 개발하였다(Fig. 7, Table 7). 현재 연구사 2명이 15.46 ha 육종포장에서 교배육종사업을 추진 중이다. 최근에는 배주배양으로 씨 없고 껍질째 먹을 수 있는 유럽계 신품종과 탈립이 적은 신품종 육성에 집중하고 있다. 씨 없는 포도 육종을 위해 GWAS 분석으로 개발한 SNP 분자표지를 이용한 유묘단계 조기선발로 씨 없는 실생만을 교배실생포에 정식함으로써 육종 효율을 높이고 있다.
1978년에 농촌진흥청 제주시험장에서 교배육종을 처음 시작하였으며, 2018년까지 782교배조합으로부터 26품종 육성하였다(Fig. 8). 과거에는 온주밀감 위주였으나 최근에는 만감류, 레몬도 육종하고 있다. 궤양병 저항성 계통 선발을 위하여 1996년에 ‘궁천조생’×유자 등 6조합을 교배하였고, 2009년부터 2013년에는 기 확보 교배실생을 대상으로 더뎅이병과 검은점무늬병 포장 저항성을 평가한 바 있다(Table 8). 현재 국립원예특작과학원 감귤연구소에서 연구직공무원 3명(연구관 1, 연구사 2)이 10.81 ha 포장에서 교배육종사업을 추진 중에 있다. 유자 육종사업은 원예시험장 남해출장소에서 1980년에 우량계통 선발시험으로부터 ‘다정’, ‘남출’, ‘원향’, ‘남해1호’ 4품종을 선발한 바 있으며, 1995~1996년에 ‘남해1호’×꽃유자 등 4조합을 교배한 바 있지만 1990년대 중후반부터 과잉 생산에 따른 소득 감소로 신품종 개발은 더 이상 이루어지지 않았다.
1984년도부터는 원예시험장 남해출장소에서, 1997년부터는 제주농업시험장 원예과에서 키위 교배육종사업을 시작하였으며, 2014년에는 남해출장소로 일원화하였다. 1984년부터 2017년까지 323조합을 교배하여 24품종을 육성하였다(Fig. 9). 현재 연구사 1명이 3.81 ha 육종포장에서 교배육종사업 추진 중이다.
원예시험장 김해지장에서는 1968년부터 1971년까지 재래종 대추 254계통을 수집하였으며, 이를 이관받은 나주지장에서는 1980년에 ‘Ja-5 (무등)’, ‘Jh-12 (금성)’를, 1987년에는 ‘Jj-3 (월출)’, 1996년에는 ‘Jb-21 (추석)’을 최종선발하였다. 1985~1986, 1989년에는 인공교배도 시도하였으나 채종률이 매우 낮아 성과를 내지 못했다. 원예시험장 예산출장소에서는 1971~1973년까지 재래종 호두 264계통을 수집하였으며, 우량계통으로 ‘W1-7’ 등 16계통을 1차 선발한 바 있다. 1974년부터 원예시험장 과수육종연구담당관에서는 대통령 관심사항인 헐벗은 산지를 활용할 수 있는 개암 연구를 위해 기름용 품종 개발을 목표로 자생종 수집, 도입품종 선발 및 교배육종 등을 1989년까지 수행하여 ‘玉油’(자생종 HF-13), ‘豊實’(1983)을 육성하고 개암 1~2호(1984)를 선발하였으나 산업적으로 활용되고 있지 않다.
사과에서는 우리나라 기후에 적합한 왜성대목 육종을 위하여 1986년부터 교배육종사업을 추진하여 2018년 사과연구소에서는 1994년 삼엽해당×M.27 교배실생으로부터 ‘KAR.8’을 육성하였다. 2007년 배연구소에서는 1992년 장성콩배×북지콩배 교배실생으로부터 유부과나 열과 등과 같은 생리장해 발생을 경감시킬 수 있는 ‘배연3호’를 육성하였다. 복숭아에서는 2001년 전남 순천시 서면 청소골에서 수집한 자생복숭아 ‘PH193’으로부터 양성한 자연교잡실생으로부터 ‘PR1’을 2014년에 최종선발하였다. 포도에서는 2004년에 뿌리혹벌레 저항성 대목인 ‘Cosmo 10’에 강원도 원주 치악산에 자생하는 왕머루로부터 채취한 꽃가루를 교배하여 얻은 실생으로부터 줄기혹병 및 뿌리혹벌레 복합저항성 2011년 ‘원교 라-대목1호’를 선발하였다(Table 9).
여러 과종에서 배수체 획득 목적의 콜히친 처리시험, 다양한 변이체 유기 목적의 감마선이나 돌연변이 유기제 처리시험이 이루어졌지만 가치 있는 변이체는 획득하지 못하였다(Table 10).
분자표지가 보편화되기 전인 1980년대와 1990년대에 표현형 형질과 연관된 조기선발용 형태학적 표지 개발이나 유전력 평가를 위한 유전연구가 이루어지기도 하였다(Table 11).
복숭아 교배종자 확보를 위하여 1994년부터 1997년까지 조생종 품종의 배(胚) 발육 양상 조사, 조⋅중생종 품종별 종자 충실도 조사, 효과적인 교배 방법, 종자 보관방법에 따른 부패율 조사 등과 같은 연구가 이루어졌다. 핵과류 교배종자를 이듬해 2월까지 저온저장하는 경우 부패 발생이 심한 것이 큰 문제였다. 포도에서는 1994년부터 2001년까지 저장 조건, 수세 처리 및 충실도 종자 발아에 미치는 영향 조사, 발아율 향상 시험, 씨 없는 품종의 종자 형성 시험 등이 이루어졌다. 감귤에서는 교잡실생 획득률을 높이기 위하여 1986년부터 1988년까지 다배성 감귤류에서 인공수분 시기에 따른 주심배 발생 양상 검토와 동위효소 전기영동분석에 의한 교잡 여부 확인 시험 등이 이루어졌다.
인과류나 유자에서 유년성을 단축시키는 것은 매우 중요한 과제였다. 이를 위해 다양한 방법을 시도하였다. 현재 사과 육종에서는 1년 키운 교배실생으로부터 채취한 접수를 M.9 대목에 접목함으로써 결실 연령도 앞당기고 생산환경과 같은 조건으로 실생 특성평가도 가능하게 하였다(Table 12).
1990년 중후반부에 PCR 기기를 이용한 RAPD 분석법이 보편화되고 그 뒤를 이어 AFLP, SSR, SNP 등이 연이어 개발됨으로써 교배실생 조기선발을 목적으로 다양한 형질 연관 분자표지 개발이 이루어졌다(Table 13). 현재 2018년에 GWAS분석으로 개발한 씨 없는 포도 연관 SNP 분자표지인 VvAGL11_T1과 VvAGL11_T4를 교배실생 조기선발에 사용하고 있다(Table 14).
1980년대 중후반에는 동위효소나 단백질 밴드 패턴을 이용한 품종 판별 연구를 대추, 감 등에서 시도하였으나 1990년대부터는 분자생물학 관련 표지시스템의 빠른 발전에 따라 RAPD, AFLP, SSR 등을 이용한 품종 판별용 표지 탐색 연구가 이루어졌다. 특히, 1997년경 ‘황금배’ 묘목의 중국 유출사건을 계기로 국산 품종의 보호를 위하여 품종 판별용 표지를 개발해 왔으며, 2012년에는 바이러스 무병묘의 품종 진위 판별을 위한 DNA 분자표지도 국립원예특작과학원 과수과에서 개발하였다.
과수 기내번식용 조직배양은 1979년에 원예시험장 과수육종과에서 자생 개암의 기내번식에 적용한 것이 처음이다. 이후 사과, 배, 감귤 재배품종과 대목의 기내번식을 위한 연구도 있었다. 원예시험장/원예연구소 과수육종과에서는 조생종 복숭아나 씨 없는 포도 품종으로부터 교배실생을 획득하기 위한 배배양이나 배주배양 체계를 확립하기도 하였다. 또한, 사과에서 원형질체 배양 조건 확립 연구, 배-사과나 감귤류 종간잡종 원형질체 양성을 위한 연구도 수행한 바 있다(Table 15).
원예시험장 과수육종과에서 포항공과대학 안진흥 교수팀과의 공동연구로 1990년부터 Agrobacterium과 항생제 선발표지를 이용한 사과 ‘후지’ 형질전환체계 개발을 위한 재분화시스템 확립 연구를 시작하였다. 1999년부터 2007년까지는 원예생명공학과 등에서 관련 연구를 수행하여 다수의 형질전환체를 선발하였으나 event 수준에는 이르지 못했다(Table 16). 사과 외에 포도, 감귤, 키위 등에서도 형질전환시스템 확립이나 기능성 품종 개발연구 등을 시도한 바 있지만 성공적이 못했다. 관련 법에서 재배시험을 허용하지 않아 연구는 활성화되지 못하였다. 하지만 사과 등에서 확립한 재분화시스템은 신육종기술(new breeding technology) 활용 연구에 큰 도움이 되리라 본다.
현재 7개 도농업기술원 9개 연구 부서에서 23명의 연구직공무원이 과수육종사업을 수행하고 있다(Fig. 10, Table 17). 그러나 육종포장이 협소하고 연구 인력의 잦은 전보 발령 등에 따라 큰 성과는 내지 못하고 있는 실정이다.
강원도농업기술원 원예연구과에서는 3명이 5.7 ha의 육종포장에서 육종사업을 추진 중에 있으며, 야생 머루, 다래 수집 및 선발(2000~2008), 씨 없는 대립계 포도 육성(2002년부터 ‘거봉’ב천수’ 등 12조합 교배), 사과 신품종 육성(2017~2018년에 ‘홍소’ב피크닉’ 등 18조합 교배) 등의 연구사업을 추진하여 다래 8품종과 포도⋅머루 17품종을 개발하였다.
충청북도농업기술원에서는 포도연구소(1992년 2월에 옥천시설포도시험장을 신설하고, 1998년 9월 11일에는 옥천포도시험장으로, 2007년 1월 1일에는 포도연구소로 개칭하였다)에서 2명이 2.35 ha의 육종포장에서 육종사업을 수행하고 있다. 1996년에 ‘세토자이언트’ב후지미노리’ 등 5조합 교배를 시작하여 지금까지 ‘충랑’ 등 4품종을 육성하였다.
전라남도농업기술원에서는 1985년 4월 6일자로 신설한 완도난지시험장(과수, 화훼, 감자), 1994년 6월에 신설한 해남난지과수시험장을 1997년 8월 1일자로 해남난지과수시험장으로 통합하고, 1998년 8월에는 해남난지과수시험장과 1994년에 신설한 고흥유자시험장을 통합하여 난지과수시험장으로 개칭하였다가 2008년 8월에 과수연구소로 다시 개칭하여 오늘에 이르고 있다. 현재 4명이 키위, 비파, 석류 교배육종사업을 수행하고 있다. 지금까지 키위는 44조합으로부터 ‘해금’ 등 16품종, 비파는 25조합으로부터 ‘조아비’ 등 3품종, 석류는 53조합으로부터 ‘단미홍’ 1품종을 개발하였다.
경상북도농업기술원에서는 청도복숭아시험장(현재 청도복숭아연구소로 개칭)과 상주감시험장(현재 상주감연구소)에서 각각 복숭아와 떫은 감 육종연구를 추진하였으나 2010년대에 들어와서는 본원 원예경영연구과에 과수육종팀을 신설하여 3명이 사과, 포도 신품종 개발 업무를 수행하고 있다. 사과 교배육종사업은 2010년부터 ‘진홍’בGala’ 등 50조합, 포도 교배육종사업은 2014년부터 ‘샤인머스캣’ב베니발라드’ 등 234조합으로부터 교배실생을 얻어 평가를 진행 중에 있다. 2006년 자가결실성 만생종 ‘황금살구’, 2009년 가공용 속 붉은 사과 ‘진홍’, 2014년 포도 ‘빅데라’를 개발하였다.
청도복숭아연구소(1994년 5월 청도복숭아시험장으로 신설, 청도군 이서면 가금구라길 186-6)에서는 2명의 육종인력이 5 ha의 육종포장에서 육종사업을 추진하고 있으며, 1998년부터 ‘장택백봉’ב일천백봉’ 등 191조합으로부터 ‘미황’(2004) 등 7품종을 육성하였고, 변이지 또는 우연실생 선발 등으로 ‘대명’(2001), ‘조생암킹’(2002) 등 4품종을 선발한 바 있다.
상주감연구소(1994년 12월 상주감시험장 신설, 상주시 공성면 웅산면 1094)에서는 2명의 육종인력이 4.9 ha의 육종포장에서 육종사업을 추진하고 있다. 교배육종사업은 1999년에 시작하였으나 교잡육종으로 개발한 품종은 현재까지 없다. 1995년부터 수집한 재래감으로부터 ‘수홍’ 등 12품종을 선발하여 품종보호출원하였다.
경상남도농업기술원에서는 1994년 5월 14일자로 김해단감시험장(현재 단감연구소로 개칭, 김해시 진영읍 하계로138번길 30)을 신설하여 단감 신품종을 개발하고 있으며, 현재 3명이 4.4 ha의 육종포장에서 단감 교배육종 및 유전자원 관련 연구를 추진 중에 있다. 지금까지 ‘자미시’ 등 7품종을 육성하였으며, 도입품종 중 우량 품종으로 ‘조추’(2007) 및 ‘단려’(2009)를 선발하였다.
제주특별자치도농업기술원에서는 2011년 1월 18일자로 감귤육종센터(서귀포시 중산간서로 212)를 신설하여 교잡육종 및 주심배 이용 감귤류 품종 육성과 자연돌연변이나 화학물질 또는 방사선 이용 인위돌연변이 이용 품종 개발을 추진하고 있다. 2016년 7월 8일자로 감귤아열대연구과로 개편하여 4명의 육종연구 인력이 3 ha의 육종포장에서 육종사업을 추진하고 있다. 한편, 1997년부터 2017년까지 218계통의 감귤 변이지를 수집하여 ‘佐佐木溫州’ 조숙변이 ‘상도조생’(2006), ‘不知火’ 조숙변이 ‘써니트’, ‘高林早生’ 조숙변이 ‘인자조생’(2017)을 선발하였다.
「식물신품종보호를 위한 국제협약」 가입을 위한 사전 준비를 위하여 「종자산업법」(법률 제5024호)이 1995년 12월 16일자로 제정되어 1997년 12월 31일자로 시행됨에 따라 품종보호권이 강화됨으로써 민간육종이 활성화되어 해를 거듭할수록 출원 품종 수가 늘어나고 있다. 지금까지 개인육종가가 209품종을 출원하였는데 이중 복숭아가 150품종으로 가장 많아 전체의 71.7%를 차지하였고 그 다음이 사과 13.4품종(13.4%)으로 많았다. 경복육종원에서와 같이 조생종 육종을 목표로 배배양 시설까지 갖추어 신품종을 개발하기도 하지만 출원 품종 대부분이 자연돌연변이이거나 우연실생이다.
지난 65년간의 과수육종사업 추진 내용과 성과를 살펴본 결과 많은 발전이 있었지만 비전과 목표 없는 과제 추진, 과학적 이론의 이해 부족, 시류 편승 연구, 성과주의에 매몰된 성과 도출 등과 같은 문제도 종종 찾아볼 수 있었다. 이러한 문제 해결을 위해서는 현장의 문제 해결이나 신시장 개척 등에 목표를 둔 중앙-지방 간 협력연구 추진, 산업적⋅기술적으로 파급효과가 큰 과제부터 수행, 명확한 비전과 달성 가능한 구체적인 단계별 목표를 정의한 기술로드맵에 근거한 신규과제 추진이 필요하다. 육종 효율 증진 및 이해관계자 가치 제고를 위해서는 엄격한 선발기준 견지, 교배조합당 더 많은 교배실생 확보, genomics-assisted breeding 체계⋅기반 확립, 다학제 전문가(조직배양, 유전통계학, 생물정보학, 분자표지 등) 참여 공동연구 추진 등이 필요할 것이다.
1953년 5월 20일자로 중앙원예기술원이 설립되면서 사과와 배 중심으로 국가 차원의 과수육종사업을 시작하였다. 하지만 복숭아나 포도 육종사업은 1962년에 농사원이 농촌진흥청으로 개편되고 그 소속기관으로 원예시험장이 설립되면서부터 시작하였다. 1960~1970년대에는 육종 포장, 인력, 예산 등 육종사업 기반 부족으로 으름, 다래와 같은 야생종과 감, 대추, 살구 등과 같은 재래종 수집⋅선발시험이나 도입품종의 국내 적응성 평가를 통한 선발과 가공용 품종 선발이 주류를 이루었다. 우루과이라운드 협상 타결 대응을 위한 일환으로 1991년 11월 15일자로 과수연구소와 그 소속기관으로 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소를 신설하고, 1990년대 초반에는 도농업기술원 소속 포도, 감, 복숭아 특화작목연구소도 설립함으로써 육종사업이 크게 활성화되었다. 1995년 「종자산업법」 제정과 2002년 UPOV 가입은 민간육종 활성화에 크게 기여하였다. 이러한 육종사업을 통하여 1967년도에는 우리나라 최초로 ‘단배’를 육성하였으며, 1977년 복숭아 ‘유명’, 1988년 사과 ‘홍로’, 1992년 포도 ‘청수’를 시작으로 많은 신품종을 개발하여 보급하고 있다. 2004년 한⋅칠레 FTA 체결 이후 과수산업 경쟁력 제고에 필요한 육종사업 강화를 위해 병 저항성 분자표지, 씨 없는 포도 연관 표지 개발 등 분자육종체계 확립을 위한 다양한 연구도 수행하였다. 그러나 국내외 시장에서 외국 과실과 경쟁하기 위해서는 유전체 정보 기반 분자육종기술 확립과 국가연구기관과 지방자치단체 연구기관 간 역할 분담과 협업체계 구축이 필요하다. 본 발표에서는 해방 이후 국가연구기관과 지방자치단체 연구기관의 과수육종사업 추진성과를 분석하고, 금후 전략을 제시하고자 하였다.
Fig. 1
Changes in the number of researchers responsible for fruit breeding in Rural Development Administration.
KJBS-52-144-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Germplasm introduction of Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
KJBS-52-144-f2.tif
Fig. 3
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean apple breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f3.tif
Fig. 4
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean pear breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f4.tif
Fig. 5
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean sweet persimmon breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f5.tif
Fig. 6
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean stone fruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f6.tif
Fig. 7
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean grape breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f7.tif
Fig. 8
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean Citrus breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f8.tif
Fig. 9
Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean kiwifruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
KJBS-52-144-f9.tif
Fig. 10
Provincial research organizations running fruit breeding programs.
KJBS-52-144-f10.tif
Table 1
Changes of fruit breeding organizations in Rural Development Administration (RDA).
Table 1
Effective date Decree/rule Reorganization
1953.5.20. 대통령령 제790호 중앙농업기술원 시험부 원예과 폐지, 중앙원예기술원 신설, 중앙농업기술원 김해과수육묘원을 중앙원예기술원 시험지로 편입(육종부 제2과, 김해시험지)
1954.1.18. 대통령령 제863호 농업기술원 시험부를 시험제1부와 시험제2부로 개편(시험제2부 원예과)
1957.5.28. 대통령령 제1274호 농업기술원을 농사원으로 개편, 원예시험장(Horticultural Experiment Station) 신설(원예시험장 제2과, 김해지장)
1958.1.1. 대통령령 제1274호 중앙원예기술원 폐지
1961.10.2. 각령 제183호 농사원 원예시험장을 시험국 작물원예부로 통합(작물원예부 과수과, 김해시험장)
1962.3.29. 각령 제615호 농사원을 농촌진흥청(Rural Development Administration)으로 개편, 원예시험장 재설치(과수과, 김해지장)
1966.6.20. 대통령령 제2586호 제주시험장(Jeju Experiment Station)에 원예 기능 신설
1967.9.8. 대통령령 제32110호 과수과를 과수육종과, 과수재배과로 확대 개편
1970.4.8. 대통령령 제4873호 과수육종과를 과수육종연구담당관으로 변경
김해지장 과수 업무 폐지, 나주지장으로 이관, 나주지장 신설
1973.7.14. 농수산부령 제536호 남해출장소 설치
1974.12.31. 대통령령 제7526호 과수제1연구담당관, 과수제2연구담당관으로 개편
제주시험장 감귤 품종개량 기능 신설
1976.12.31 대통령령 제8390호 제주시험장 원예연구담당관 신설
1981.11.2. 대통령령 제10548호 과수제1, 2연구담당관을 과수1, 2과로 개칭(직제 시행규칙 개정 없이 육종 업무를 과수2과로 일원화)
1991.11.15. 대통령령 제13506호 과수연구소 신설(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소)
1994.12.23. 대통령령 제14455호 과수연구소와 원예시험장 통합하여 원예연구소(Horticultural Research Institute)로 개칭(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소, 남해출장소)
제주시험장을 제주농업시험장(Jeju Agricultural Experiment Station)으로 개칭
1999.5.24. 대통령령 제16349호 원예연구소 감귤연구소를 제주농업시험장으로 이관(제주농업시험장 감귤시험장)
2001 원예연구소에 원예생명공학연구팀 신설
2002.3.6. 농림부령 제1411호 원예연구소에 원예생명공학과 신설
2004.1.9. 대통령령 제18212호 제주농업시험장을 난지농업연구소(National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture)로 개편
2004.1.29. 농림부령 제1454호 과수육종과와 과수재배과를 과수과로 통합
사과연구소, 배연구소를 사과시험장, 배시험장으로 개칭
감귤시험장을 감귤과로 개칭
2005.4.21. 농림부령 제1493호 과수과에 포도연구센터 신설
2007 배시험장에 감연구실 신설
2008.10.8. 대통령령 제21078호 원예연구소를 국립원예특작과학원(National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science)으로 개편
난지농업연구소를 온난화대응농업연구센터로 개편, 감귤시험장을 국립원예특작과학원으로 통합(과수과, 사과시험장, 배시험장, 감귤시험장, 온난화대응농업연구센터, 남해출장소)
2014 국립원예특작과학원 기본운영규정 온난화대응연구센터의 키위 육종 업무를 남해출장소로 일원화
Table 2
Land area being used for fruit breeding programs at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
Table 2
Research organization Fruit species Breeding block acreage (ha) Remarks
Total 87.98
Fruit Research Division Apple 4.94 Germplasm conservation
Pear 4.93 Germplasm conservation
Stone fruit 18.29
Grape 13.71
Others 4.00 Blueberries, greenhouse, etc
Apple Research Institute Apple 11.93
Pear Research Institute Pear 4.34
Sweet persimmon 5.01
Citrus Research Institute Citrus 8.26
Namhae Sub-institute Kiwifruit 12.57
Table 3
Germplasms being conserved in research organizations of Rural Development Administration in 2017.
Table 3
Total Apple Pear Peach & Nectarine Plum & Prune Apricot Sweet & tart cherry Plumcot Grape Persimmon Citrus Kiwifruit
4,497 1,268 889 379 124 82 73 5 858 207 440 172
Table 4
Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean apple breeding programs.
Table 4
Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Fuji 99 96 195
Hongro 85 45 130
Jonathan 48 55 103
Tsugaru 57 44 101
Sansa 41 33 74
Golden Delicious 30 36 66
Hwahong 41 25 66
Gamhong 29 30 59
McIntosh Wijcik 9 38 47
Chugwang 23 22 45
14-108 24 20 44
Ralls Janet 28 15 43
Table 5
Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean pear breeding programs.
Table 5
Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Whanggeumbae 110 49 159
Okusankichi 57 31 88
Niitaka 83 0 83
Gamcheonbae 38 24 62
Imamuraaki 25 36 61
Hosui 30 25 55
Wonhwang 30 24 54
Kosui 35 19 54
Shinsui 30 22 52
Nijisseiki 27 22 49
Manpungbae 24 22 46
Bartlett 5 38 43
Table 6
Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean peach and nectarine breeding programs.
Table 6
Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Jinmi 26 42 68
Changhowonhwangdo 46 18 64
Yumyong 38 16 54
Kawanakajima Hakutou 54 0 54
Reihou 18 30 48
Hakutou 43 0 43
Sungold 33 4 37
Cheonhong 7 29 36
Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nagasawa Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nunomewase 2 32 34
Chiyomaru 1 30 31
Table 7
Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean grape breeding programs.
Table 7
Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Campbell Early 76 100 176
Hongju Seedless 68 45 113
Cheongsu 15 83 98
Kyohou 45 27 72
Alden 36 25 61
Flame Seedless 21 36 57
Tamnara 30 22 52
Centennial 28 23 51
Ruby Okuyama 35 15 50
Muscat of Alexandria 22 27 49
Princess 22 27 49
Schuyler 21 19 40
Table 8
Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean Citrus breeding programs.
Table 8
Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Kiyomi 87 1 88
Prince Kiyomi 70 0 70
Harehime 46 0 46
Ponkan 0 42 42
Yumei 32 9 41
Benimadonna 34 4 38
Shiranui 8 24 32
Sinyaegam 22 7 29
Haryejosaeng 8 19 27
Nankou 23 3 26
Washington Navel 25 0 25
Kishu mandarine 3 22 25
Table 9
Korean fruit rootstock breeding programs in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 9
Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1986~ Dwarf rootstock development through the hybridization between native Malus species and M. 9, M. 26 etc.
2003~2004 Root rot resistant breeding stain selection in M.9×MM.106 cross seedlings
Pear 1977~1978 Collection of native species and local cultivars and usefulness evaluation as rootstock
1986 Usefulness evaluation as rootstock of cross seedlings between Pyrus fauriei and P. betulifolia, P. pyrifolia, P. communis
1992~ Drought and waterlogging resistance evaluation of cross seedlings between OPR-265z and P. fauriei
1997~2005 Selection of pysiological disorder resistant rootstock from cross seedlings between P. fauriei and P. betulifolia
1999~2008 Selection of Phytophthora root rot resistant seedlings
2009~ Selection of water-related stress resistant rootstock
Peach 1984~1995 Collection of local Prunus tomentosa and usefulness evaluation for dwarf rootstock
Stone fruit 2017~ Selection of late bud sprouting peach rootstock and of rootstock for sweet cherry and plumcot
Persimmon 1985 Rootstock usefulness evaluation of seedlings with inbreeding depression and cross seedlings between cultivars with short shoot internode character
1995~1997
Grape 2003~2009 Selection of Viteus vitifolii, Agrobacterium vitis resistant seedlings
Citrus 2001~2007 Development of Shiranui-suitable rootstock

zOPR: Oregon pear rootstock

Table 10
Studies on fruit mutation induction in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 10
Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal Used tissue Used agent
Apple Fuji 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Fuji 1993~1995 Polyploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Hunter Melba, etc 1994~1997 Treatment method setup Hardwood Colchicine
Polyploid induction
Fuji, Sekaiichi 1996~1997 Mutant induction Leaf bud, shoot tip 5-Bromouracil, Acridin, EMS, MMS
Fuji, Sansa, Gala, MM.106 Hardwood Gamma ray
Fuji, Gala In vitro cultured tissue
Pear Hosui, Korean native pear 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Shinsui, Nijisseiki 1991~1994 Leaf spot resistant genotype development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Niitaka 1996~1998 Mutant induction Colchicine, EMS, NMU
Peach Yumyeong, Red Leaf 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Grape Siebel 9110 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Campbell Early, etc 1992~1998 Tetraploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Citrus Hassaku, Miyauchi Iyokan 1995~2000 Seedless polyploid induction Seed Gamma ray
Unshyu, Orange 2009~2013 Breeding material development Calus Colchicine
Tambit #1, Shinyaegam, MOR, OR, etc 2014~2018 Seedless genotype development Softwood Gamma ray
Sweet persimmon Nishimurawase, Jirou 1991~1994 Complete sweet persimmon development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Nishimurawase 2012~2016 Hardwood Gamma ray
Akebia Korean native 1968 Polyploid induction Seed Colchicine
Table 11
Fruit genetic studies in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 11
Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1982~1984 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters in 43 apple varieties
1986~1988 Genetic mode of inheritance of altenaria leaf spot using 2018 seedlings from 32 cross combinations
1993~1994 Correlation study between leaf bud characters and fruit characters using 60 apple varieties
1993~1996 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 1630 seedlings from 30 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of columnar trait using 136 seedlings from 4 cross combinations including Starkrimson×McIntosh Wijcik
Pear 1977~1982 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 742 seedlings from 15 cross combinations
1988 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters using 4 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of fruit skin thickness and flavor using some cross combinations
1994 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 3 cross combinations
1995 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 3500 seedlings from 14 cross combinations
1997~1999 Genetic mode of inheritance of pear scab resistance using 1633 seedlings from 27 cross combinations
Table 12
Studies on the shortening of juvenile phase of cross seedlings in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 12
Fruit species Research year Aplicated treatment
Apple 1996~2000 Seedling raising pot size, pot media, growth regulators (SADH, ABA), seedling trunk girdling, grafting
Pear 1991~1992 Seedling height, internode length, planting degree, trunk girdling
1994~1997 long day light
1998~2000 Grafting, top working, scoring, slanted training, ethephon
Grape 1994~1997 Trunk girdling, rolled up training
Citrus 1982~1985 Embryo culture
1995 Shoot tipping, budding
Yuzu 1981 Inverted bark grafting, trunk girdling, slanted training (30, 60°), root cutting
Table 13
Studies on the molecular marker development in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 13
Fruit species Research year Target trait Used marker system
Apple 1999 Columnar shoot RAPD
2003~2006 Altenaria leaf spot RAPD, AFLP, SSR
2005~2007 White rot SSR
2005~2007 White rot, marssonia blotch SSR, AFLP
2011~2015 Self-thinning RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP
2015~2017 Major traits GBS/GWAS
Pear 2001~2004 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP, SSR, QTL
2002~2004 Major fruit traits RAPD, AFLP
2002~2005 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP
2005~2007 Dwarf tree AFLP, SSR
2014~2016 GBS/SNP
Peach 1999~ Male sterility, pit freeness, fruit acidity, fruit hardness RAPD, AFLP
Grape 2015~2017 Crown gall, Ripe rot GWAS/SNP
2018~ Major traits GWAS/SNP
Citrus 1995~ Major traits RAPD
2009~2013 Citrus scab SRAP
Persimmon 2016 Male flower development RAPD
Table 14
Studies on the molecular marker development for variety identification in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 14
Fruit species Research year Used marker system
Apple 1991~1995 RAPD
Apple, pear 1990 Protein, isozyme
Pear 2012 SSR
Peach 1994~1995 RAPD
Peach, grape 2012 SSR, RAPD, AFLP
Persimmon 1989 Isozyme (AAT)
2012 RAPD, SSR
Citrus 2009~2013 SSR
Kiwifruit 1998~ RAPD
2005~2008 SSR
Jujube 1986 Isozymes (ADH, MDH, GOT, esterase)
Table 15
Studies on the establishment of tissue culture systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 15
Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal
Apple Fuji, M.26 1983~1984 In vitro multiplication system
Fuji, Gala, Mark 1994~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
Pear Wonhwang, etc 1997 In vitro multiplication system
Rootstock varieties 2000 Optimal media for shoot tip culture
Peach Kurakatawase 1982~1986 Optimal conditions for embryo culture of early season peach varieties
Baekmijosaeng 1995~1997 Establishment of in vitro multiplication system
Grape Campbell Early, etc 1984~1986 Optimal media for anther culture
Cheongsu 1996~2002 Embryo culture system
Citrus 1995~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
2014~2018 Anther culture system
Hazelnut 1979 In vitro multiplication system
Table 16
Studies on the establishment of genetic transformation systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 16
Fruit species Variety Research year Used tissue Research goal
Apple Fuji 1990~1991 Leaf, coleoptile Regeneration system
Fuji, etc 1992~1998 in vitro cultured leaves
Fuji McIntosh Wijcik 2000~2002 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with B-Peru, DFR), MdMADS2, MdMADS4 Rab, CAX, etc
Gamhong, Hongro 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with CAX1, CRT
M.9, etc 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Dwarf transformants
Grape Campbell Early, Kyoho 1996~1997 in vitro cultured leaves Regeneration system
Citrus 1995 in vitro cultured shoots Co-culturing conditions
Unshyu mandarine 1995 Peel disorder resistant lines
Kiwifruit Hayward 2002~2008 in vitro cultured shoots Regeneration system
Table 17
Research organizations and personnel for fruit breeding programs in provincial governments.
Table 17
Organization Number of research personnel
Total Senior researcher Junior researcher
Kangwon ARESz Horticultural Research Division 2 1 1
Chungbuk ARES Grape Research Institute 2 2
Cheonbuk ARES Horticultural Division 1 1
Cheonnam ARES Fruit Research Institute 4 1 3
Gyeongbuk ARES Horticultural Management and Research Division 3 1 2
Cheongdo Peach Research Institute 2 2
Sangju Persimmon Research Institute 2 2
Gyeongnam ARES Sweet Persimmon Research Institute 3 1 2
Jeju ARES Citrus and Subtropic Fruit Research Division 4 1 3
Total 23 5 18

zARES: Agricultural Research and Extension Services

  • 1. 각 연도 도농업기술원 시험연구보고서.
  • 2. 각 연도 원예시험장/과수연구소/원예연구소/국립원예특작과학원 시험연구보고서.
  • 3. 각 연도 조선총독부 권업모범장/농사시험장 사업보고서.
  • 4. 국립원예특작과학원.(사)한국원예학회.2013. 60주년, 한국원예학회 50주년 기념 한국원예발달사.
  • 5. 김 영진, 홍 은미. 2006. 농무축산시험장(農務畜産試驗場 1884~ 1906)의 기구변동과 운영. 농업사연구 5: 71-85.
  • 6. 김 용구. 2016. 외길. 광일문화사.
  • 7. 농촌진흥청.1992. 농촌진흥청 30년사.
  • 8. 농촌진흥청 원예시험장 나주지장.1990. 나주지장 과수연구 20년.
  • 9. 한국원예발달사편찬위원회.1980. 송암 표현구 교수 회갑기념 한국원예발달사. pp. 203-235.

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The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(Special Is):144-160.   Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.S.144
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The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(Special Is):144-160.   Published online April 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.S.144
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The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Changes in the number of researchers responsible for fruit breeding in Rural Development Administration.
Fig. 2 Germplasm introduction of Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
Fig. 3 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean apple breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 4 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean pear breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 5 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean sweet persimmon breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 6 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean stone fruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 7 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean grape breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 8 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean Citrus breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 9 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean kiwifruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 10 Provincial research organizations running fruit breeding programs.

Fig. 1

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Fig. 10

The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea

Changes of fruit breeding organizations in Rural Development Administration (RDA).

Effective date Decree/rule Reorganization
1953.5.20. 대통령령 제790호 중앙농업기술원 시험부 원예과 폐지, 중앙원예기술원 신설, 중앙농업기술원 김해과수육묘원을 중앙원예기술원 시험지로 편입(육종부 제2과, 김해시험지)
1954.1.18. 대통령령 제863호 농업기술원 시험부를 시험제1부와 시험제2부로 개편(시험제2부 원예과)
1957.5.28. 대통령령 제1274호 농업기술원을 농사원으로 개편, 원예시험장(Horticultural Experiment Station) 신설(원예시험장 제2과, 김해지장)
1958.1.1. 대통령령 제1274호 중앙원예기술원 폐지
1961.10.2. 각령 제183호 농사원 원예시험장을 시험국 작물원예부로 통합(작물원예부 과수과, 김해시험장)
1962.3.29. 각령 제615호 농사원을 농촌진흥청(Rural Development Administration)으로 개편, 원예시험장 재설치(과수과, 김해지장)
1966.6.20. 대통령령 제2586호 제주시험장(Jeju Experiment Station)에 원예 기능 신설
1967.9.8. 대통령령 제32110호 과수과를 과수육종과, 과수재배과로 확대 개편
1970.4.8. 대통령령 제4873호 과수육종과를 과수육종연구담당관으로 변경
김해지장 과수 업무 폐지, 나주지장으로 이관, 나주지장 신설
1973.7.14. 농수산부령 제536호 남해출장소 설치
1974.12.31. 대통령령 제7526호 과수제1연구담당관, 과수제2연구담당관으로 개편
제주시험장 감귤 품종개량 기능 신설
1976.12.31 대통령령 제8390호 제주시험장 원예연구담당관 신설
1981.11.2. 대통령령 제10548호 과수제1, 2연구담당관을 과수1, 2과로 개칭(직제 시행규칙 개정 없이 육종 업무를 과수2과로 일원화)
1991.11.15. 대통령령 제13506호 과수연구소 신설(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소)
1994.12.23. 대통령령 제14455호 과수연구소와 원예시험장 통합하여 원예연구소(Horticultural Research Institute)로 개칭(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소, 남해출장소)
제주시험장을 제주농업시험장(Jeju Agricultural Experiment Station)으로 개칭
1999.5.24. 대통령령 제16349호 원예연구소 감귤연구소를 제주농업시험장으로 이관(제주농업시험장 감귤시험장)
2001 원예연구소에 원예생명공학연구팀 신설
2002.3.6. 농림부령 제1411호 원예연구소에 원예생명공학과 신설
2004.1.9. 대통령령 제18212호 제주농업시험장을 난지농업연구소(National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture)로 개편
2004.1.29. 농림부령 제1454호 과수육종과와 과수재배과를 과수과로 통합
사과연구소, 배연구소를 사과시험장, 배시험장으로 개칭
감귤시험장을 감귤과로 개칭
2005.4.21. 농림부령 제1493호 과수과에 포도연구센터 신설
2007 배시험장에 감연구실 신설
2008.10.8. 대통령령 제21078호 원예연구소를 국립원예특작과학원(National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science)으로 개편
난지농업연구소를 온난화대응농업연구센터로 개편, 감귤시험장을 국립원예특작과학원으로 통합(과수과, 사과시험장, 배시험장, 감귤시험장, 온난화대응농업연구센터, 남해출장소)
2014 국립원예특작과학원 기본운영규정 온난화대응연구센터의 키위 육종 업무를 남해출장소로 일원화

Land area being used for fruit breeding programs at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.

Research organization Fruit species Breeding block acreage (ha) Remarks
Total 87.98
Fruit Research Division Apple 4.94 Germplasm conservation
Pear 4.93 Germplasm conservation
Stone fruit 18.29
Grape 13.71
Others 4.00 Blueberries, greenhouse, etc
Apple Research Institute Apple 11.93
Pear Research Institute Pear 4.34
Sweet persimmon 5.01
Citrus Research Institute Citrus 8.26
Namhae Sub-institute Kiwifruit 12.57

Germplasms being conserved in research organizations of Rural Development Administration in 2017.

Total Apple Pear Peach & Nectarine Plum & Prune Apricot Sweet & tart cherry Plumcot Grape Persimmon Citrus Kiwifruit
4,497 1,268 889 379 124 82 73 5 858 207 440 172

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean apple breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Fuji 99 96 195
Hongro 85 45 130
Jonathan 48 55 103
Tsugaru 57 44 101
Sansa 41 33 74
Golden Delicious 30 36 66
Hwahong 41 25 66
Gamhong 29 30 59
McIntosh Wijcik 9 38 47
Chugwang 23 22 45
14-108 24 20 44
Ralls Janet 28 15 43

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean pear breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Whanggeumbae 110 49 159
Okusankichi 57 31 88
Niitaka 83 0 83
Gamcheonbae 38 24 62
Imamuraaki 25 36 61
Hosui 30 25 55
Wonhwang 30 24 54
Kosui 35 19 54
Shinsui 30 22 52
Nijisseiki 27 22 49
Manpungbae 24 22 46
Bartlett 5 38 43

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean peach and nectarine breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Jinmi 26 42 68
Changhowonhwangdo 46 18 64
Yumyong 38 16 54
Kawanakajima Hakutou 54 0 54
Reihou 18 30 48
Hakutou 43 0 43
Sungold 33 4 37
Cheonhong 7 29 36
Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nagasawa Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nunomewase 2 32 34
Chiyomaru 1 30 31

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean grape breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Campbell Early 76 100 176
Hongju Seedless 68 45 113
Cheongsu 15 83 98
Kyohou 45 27 72
Alden 36 25 61
Flame Seedless 21 36 57
Tamnara 30 22 52
Centennial 28 23 51
Ruby Okuyama 35 15 50
Muscat of Alexandria 22 27 49
Princess 22 27 49
Schuyler 21 19 40

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean Citrus breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent
Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Kiyomi 87 1 88
Prince Kiyomi 70 0 70
Harehime 46 0 46
Ponkan 0 42 42
Yumei 32 9 41
Benimadonna 34 4 38
Shiranui 8 24 32
Sinyaegam 22 7 29
Haryejosaeng 8 19 27
Nankou 23 3 26
Washington Navel 25 0 25
Kishu mandarine 3 22 25

Korean fruit rootstock breeding programs in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1986~ Dwarf rootstock development through the hybridization between native Malus species and M. 9, M. 26 etc.
2003~2004 Root rot resistant breeding stain selection in M.9×MM.106 cross seedlings
Pear 1977~1978 Collection of native species and local cultivars and usefulness evaluation as rootstock
1986 Usefulness evaluation as rootstock of cross seedlings between Pyrus fauriei and P. betulifolia, P. pyrifolia, P. communis
1992~ Drought and waterlogging resistance evaluation of cross seedlings between OPR-265z and P. fauriei
1997~2005 Selection of pysiological disorder resistant rootstock from cross seedlings between P. fauriei and P. betulifolia
1999~2008 Selection of Phytophthora root rot resistant seedlings
2009~ Selection of water-related stress resistant rootstock
Peach 1984~1995 Collection of local Prunus tomentosa and usefulness evaluation for dwarf rootstock
Stone fruit 2017~ Selection of late bud sprouting peach rootstock and of rootstock for sweet cherry and plumcot
Persimmon 1985 Rootstock usefulness evaluation of seedlings with inbreeding depression and cross seedlings between cultivars with short shoot internode character
1995~1997
Grape 2003~2009 Selection of Viteus vitifolii, Agrobacterium vitis resistant seedlings
Citrus 2001~2007 Development of Shiranui-suitable rootstock

Studies on fruit mutation induction in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal Used tissue Used agent
Apple Fuji 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Fuji 1993~1995 Polyploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Hunter Melba, etc 1994~1997 Treatment method setup Hardwood Colchicine
Polyploid induction
Fuji, Sekaiichi 1996~1997 Mutant induction Leaf bud, shoot tip 5-Bromouracil, Acridin, EMS, MMS
Fuji, Sansa, Gala, MM.106 Hardwood Gamma ray
Fuji, Gala In vitro cultured tissue
Pear Hosui, Korean native pear 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Shinsui, Nijisseiki 1991~1994 Leaf spot resistant genotype development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Niitaka 1996~1998 Mutant induction Colchicine, EMS, NMU
Peach Yumyeong, Red Leaf 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Grape Siebel 9110 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Campbell Early, etc 1992~1998 Tetraploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Citrus Hassaku, Miyauchi Iyokan 1995~2000 Seedless polyploid induction Seed Gamma ray
Unshyu, Orange 2009~2013 Breeding material development Calus Colchicine
Tambit #1, Shinyaegam, MOR, OR, etc 2014~2018 Seedless genotype development Softwood Gamma ray
Sweet persimmon Nishimurawase, Jirou 1991~1994 Complete sweet persimmon development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Nishimurawase 2012~2016 Hardwood Gamma ray
Akebia Korean native 1968 Polyploid induction Seed Colchicine

Fruit genetic studies in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1982~1984 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters in 43 apple varieties
1986~1988 Genetic mode of inheritance of altenaria leaf spot using 2018 seedlings from 32 cross combinations
1993~1994 Correlation study between leaf bud characters and fruit characters using 60 apple varieties
1993~1996 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 1630 seedlings from 30 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of columnar trait using 136 seedlings from 4 cross combinations including Starkrimson×McIntosh Wijcik
Pear 1977~1982 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 742 seedlings from 15 cross combinations
1988 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters using 4 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of fruit skin thickness and flavor using some cross combinations
1994 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 3 cross combinations
1995 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 3500 seedlings from 14 cross combinations
1997~1999 Genetic mode of inheritance of pear scab resistance using 1633 seedlings from 27 cross combinations

Studies on the shortening of juvenile phase of cross seedlings in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Aplicated treatment
Apple 1996~2000 Seedling raising pot size, pot media, growth regulators (SADH, ABA), seedling trunk girdling, grafting
Pear 1991~1992 Seedling height, internode length, planting degree, trunk girdling
1994~1997 long day light
1998~2000 Grafting, top working, scoring, slanted training, ethephon
Grape 1994~1997 Trunk girdling, rolled up training
Citrus 1982~1985 Embryo culture
1995 Shoot tipping, budding
Yuzu 1981 Inverted bark grafting, trunk girdling, slanted training (30, 60°), root cutting

Studies on the molecular marker development in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Target trait Used marker system
Apple 1999 Columnar shoot RAPD
2003~2006 Altenaria leaf spot RAPD, AFLP, SSR
2005~2007 White rot SSR
2005~2007 White rot, marssonia blotch SSR, AFLP
2011~2015 Self-thinning RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP
2015~2017 Major traits GBS/GWAS
Pear 2001~2004 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP, SSR, QTL
2002~2004 Major fruit traits RAPD, AFLP
2002~2005 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP
2005~2007 Dwarf tree AFLP, SSR
2014~2016 GBS/SNP
Peach 1999~ Male sterility, pit freeness, fruit acidity, fruit hardness RAPD, AFLP
Grape 2015~2017 Crown gall, Ripe rot GWAS/SNP
2018~ Major traits GWAS/SNP
Citrus 1995~ Major traits RAPD
2009~2013 Citrus scab SRAP
Persimmon 2016 Male flower development RAPD

Studies on the molecular marker development for variety identification in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Used marker system
Apple 1991~1995 RAPD
Apple, pear 1990 Protein, isozyme
Pear 2012 SSR
Peach 1994~1995 RAPD
Peach, grape 2012 SSR, RAPD, AFLP
Persimmon 1989 Isozyme (AAT)
2012 RAPD, SSR
Citrus 2009~2013 SSR
Kiwifruit 1998~ RAPD
2005~2008 SSR
Jujube 1986 Isozymes (ADH, MDH, GOT, esterase)

Studies on the establishment of tissue culture systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal
Apple Fuji, M.26 1983~1984 In vitro multiplication system
Fuji, Gala, Mark 1994~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
Pear Wonhwang, etc 1997 In vitro multiplication system
Rootstock varieties 2000 Optimal media for shoot tip culture
Peach Kurakatawase 1982~1986 Optimal conditions for embryo culture of early season peach varieties
Baekmijosaeng 1995~1997 Establishment of in vitro multiplication system
Grape Campbell Early, etc 1984~1986 Optimal media for anther culture
Cheongsu 1996~2002 Embryo culture system
Citrus 1995~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
2014~2018 Anther culture system
Hazelnut 1979 In vitro multiplication system

Studies on the establishment of genetic transformation systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Used tissue Research goal
Apple Fuji 1990~1991 Leaf, coleoptile Regeneration system
Fuji, etc 1992~1998 in vitro cultured leaves
Fuji McIntosh Wijcik 2000~2002 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with B-Peru, DFR), MdMADS2, MdMADS4 Rab, CAX, etc
Gamhong, Hongro 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with CAX1, CRT
M.9, etc 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Dwarf transformants
Grape Campbell Early, Kyoho 1996~1997 in vitro cultured leaves Regeneration system
Citrus 1995 in vitro cultured shoots Co-culturing conditions
Unshyu mandarine 1995 Peel disorder resistant lines
Kiwifruit Hayward 2002~2008 in vitro cultured shoots Regeneration system

Research organizations and personnel for fruit breeding programs in provincial governments.

Organization Number of research personnel
Total Senior researcher Junior researcher
Kangwon ARESz Horticultural Research Division 2 1 1
Chungbuk ARES Grape Research Institute 2 2
Cheonbuk ARES Horticultural Division 1 1
Cheonnam ARES Fruit Research Institute 4 1 3
Gyeongbuk ARES Horticultural Management and Research Division 3 1 2
Cheongdo Peach Research Institute 2 2
Sangju Persimmon Research Institute 2 2
Gyeongnam ARES Sweet Persimmon Research Institute 3 1 2
Jeju ARES Citrus and Subtropic Fruit Research Division 4 1 3
Total 23 5 18
Table 1 Changes of fruit breeding organizations in Rural Development Administration (RDA).
Table 2 Land area being used for fruit breeding programs at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
Table 3 Germplasms being conserved in research organizations of Rural Development Administration in 2017.
Table 4 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean apple breeding programs.
Table 5 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean pear breeding programs.
Table 6 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean peach and nectarine breeding programs.
Table 7 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean grape breeding programs.
Table 8 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean Citrus breeding programs.
Table 9 Korean fruit rootstock breeding programs in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

OPR: Oregon pear rootstock

Table 10 Studies on fruit mutation induction in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 11 Fruit genetic studies in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 12 Studies on the shortening of juvenile phase of cross seedlings in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 13 Studies on the molecular marker development in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 14 Studies on the molecular marker development for variety identification in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 15 Studies on the establishment of tissue culture systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 16 Studies on the establishment of genetic transformation systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 17 Research organizations and personnel for fruit breeding programs in provincial governments.

ARES: Agricultural Research and Extension Services

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