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수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 총카로티노이드 함량 및 항산화 활성 변화

Change of Total Carotenoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Waxy Corns (Zea mays L.) Depending on Harvest Time

Jin-Seok Lee*, Beom-Young Son, Jung-Tae Kim, Hwan-Hee Bae, Sang-Gon Kim, Seong-Bum Baek
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2017;49(4):359-368.
Published online: November 30, 2017

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*Corresponding author : (z9813139@korea.kr), +82-31-695-4043, +82-31-695-4029
• Received: September 18, 2017   • Accepted: October 30, 2017

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  • This study was conducted to compare changes of total carotenoid contents and antioxidant activities in yellow waxy corns (Zea mays L.) depending on harvest time. The total carotenoid contents of yellow waxy inbred lines and hybrids increased from 19 days and then the highest content of total carotenoid contents was observed at 25 to 27 days after pollination. Thereafter, there was little change in total carotenoid contents. According to analysis total content of carotenoids on 23 days after pollination, which was the period of harvesting waxy corn, KY2 was the highest as 15.4 ㎍/g in inbred lines and KY2/KY39 was the hightest as 11.2 ㎍/g in hybrids, respectively. The total carotenoid contents of each hybrid were higher than mean that of their parent lines except for some hybrids. The total carotenoid contents of KY27/KY37 were significantly higher than those of their parental lines. Antioxidant activity of yellow waxy corn showed a tendency to increase after decrease depending on delaying harvesting time. Antioxidant activities of hybrids were higher than that of inbred lines. As a result of correlation analysis between total carotenoid contents and antioxidant activity, correlation coefficient of inbred lines and hybrids was as low as -0.12 and -0.13, respectively. When the harvest time was delayed, the lightness of yellow waxy corn decreased but the redness and yellowness increased. As a result of correlation analysis between Hunter’s Lab value and total carotenoid contents, correlation coefficient of lightness, redness and yellowness were -0.22, 0.67, 0.53, respectively.
옥수수는 세계 3대 식량작물로 벼와 밀보다 단위면적당 생산 량이 높으며 세계적으로 10억톤 이상 생산되어 사료용, 가공용, 간식용 등으로 이용되고 있다(FAOSTAT 2014). 우리나라의 옥수수는 대부분 찰옥수수이며 간식용으로 이용하고 있다. 찰옥 수수는 호숙기에 풋상태로 수확하여 이용하기 때문에 재배기간 이 짧고 타 작물과 작부체계 운영이 쉬우며 단위면적당 소득이 높아 재배면적이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다(Lee et al. 2011).
우리나라 찰옥수수 육종은 1970년대 재래종을 수집하여 계통 육성을 시작하였고 수량성이 낮은 재래종을 대체하고자 하였다 (Park et al. 1992). 2000년대에 들어서는 소비자의 기호에 맞춰 찰옥수수 품질 향상으로 육종목표가 전환되었으며 2000년대 후반 건강 기능성에 대한 사회적 관심이 증가하고 참살이 문화가 확산됨에 따라 찰옥수수의 기능성 향상에 노력하였다(NICS 2012).
소비자의 식생활 문화가 건강기능성 중심으로 변화함에 따라 항암, 항산화 등 기능성이 뛰어난 컬러푸드에 대한 관심이 증가하 고 있다(Lee et al. 2012). 옥수수에 색을 나타내는 기능성 물질로 는 대표적으로 안토시아닌과 카로티노이드가 있으며 이들은 항산화 물질로 잘 알려져 있다(Kim et al. 1996).
안토시아닌은 식물계에서 가장 큰 수용성 색소 그룹으로 오렌 지색부터 청자색까지 다양한 색을 나타낸다(Pietta 2000, Tanaka et al. 2008). 옥수수의 안토시아닌은 주로 cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6" malonylglucoside), cyanidin-3-(3",6"-dimalonylglucoside) 등으로 구성되어 있으 며 cyanidin-3-glucoside가 항산화 활성이 높은 것으로 알려져 있다(Kim et al. 1999, Moreno et al. 2005).
카로티노이드는 황색에서 적색까지의 색을 나타내는 지용성 색소물질로 옥수수에는 주로 lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 등으로 존재한다(Kandianis 2009, Tanaka et al. 2008). 카로티노이드는 비타민A 합성의 전구물질로 이용되고 면역력 향상에 도움을 주며 자체적으로 항산화 기능을 가지고 있다(Cazzonelli 2011, Eldahshan & Singab 2013).
국내에서는 미흑찰(Park et al. 2007), 얼룩찰1호(Lee et al. 2011), 흑진주찰(Jung et al. 2009) 등 안토시아닌을 함유한 다양한 찰옥수수 품종들이 개발되어 보급되고 있지만 카로티노 이드를 함유한 찰옥수수 품종개발은 시작단계에 있으며 아직까 지 상용화되어 있는 품종은 찾아보기 힘들다.
따라서, 수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 카로티노이드 함량 및 항산화활성의 변화를 구명하여 노랑찰옥수수 품종육성에 기초자료를 제공하고 카로티노이드 함량이 높은 유전자원 탐색 에 활용하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다.
공시재료
노랑찰옥수수 13 자식계통과 18 교잡계를 농촌진흥청 국립식 량과학원 시험포장에 파종하여 개화기에 인공교배한 후 수확하 여 분석에 이용하였다. 노랑찰옥수수 시험구는 재식밀도 60 × 25 cm (6,600본/10a)로 시험구 크기는 4m, 3열로 하였고 2립씩 파종하여 3~5엽기에 1주만 남도록 솎아 주었으며 재배관리는 농촌진흥청 식용옥수수 표준재배법에 준하여 실시하였다. 균일 한 분석시료를 얻기 위하여 옥수수가 출사되기 전 이삭에 교배비 닐을 씌워 다른 옥수수의 꽃가루 혼입을 방지하였고 각각의 시료별로 40주를 인공교배한 후 교배일을 표시하였다. 인공교배 후 19일부터 27일까지 2일 간격으로 각각 3개 이삭을 수확하였 고 완숙되는 45일째 3개의 이삭을 수확하였으며 수확한 시료는 –74℃ 초저온냉장고에 저장하여 보관 후 분석에 이용하였다.
총카로티노이드 함량 분석
Al-Farsi et al. (2005) 방법을 응용하여 측정하였다. 시료는 동결건조하여 분쇄한 후 100 mesh 체로 걸러 분석에 이용하였다. 총카로티노이드 함량분석은 2 g의 시료에 아세톤 : 에탄올 1:1 (v/v)을 이용하여 암조건에서 추출하였다. 추출액은 10분간 4℃, 12,000 rpm에서 원심분리 하였으며 상등액은 Whatman No.42 를 이용하여 분리한 후 Spectrophotometer (U-2900, HITACHI)를 사용하여 470 nm에서 측정하였다. 총카로티노이 드 함량은 다음의 계산식을 이용하여 계산하였다.
총카로티노이드함량(mg/g)=A470×V×106A1%×100G
A470은 470 nm에서 흡광도, V는 추출물의 총부피, A1%는 카로티노이드 1% 혼합물에 대한 흡광계수, G는 시료 중량(g)을 나타낸다.
항산화 활성(Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl, DPPH) 검정
분쇄한 시료 2 g에 80% 메탄올 50 mL 첨가하여 25℃ shaking water bath에서 24시간 교반하여 추출하였고 Whatman No.42 로 여과하였다. 추출한 시료 여과액을 96 well plate에 100 ㎕씩 분주하고 0.4 mM DPPH용액을 동량 첨가하여 실온에서 10분간 반응 시킨 후 Spectrophotometer (U-2900, HITACHI)로 517 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. DPPH 활성산소 소거능은 다음의 식을 이용하여 계산하였고 DPPH의 흡광도가 50% 감소할 때 나타나는 시료의 농도로 표시하였다.
DPPH 활성산소 소거능(%)=Ac−AsAc×100
Ac는 시료 대신 메탄올을 첨가하여 흡광도를 측정한 것이고 As는 시료를 첨가하여 반응한 반응액의 흡광도를 나타낸다.
Hunter’s Lab 값 측정
노랑찰옥수수 색차 측정은 인공교배 후 각 시기별로 수확한 종실을 이용하여 수행하였으며 수확한 종자를 탈립 후 실험용 체를 이용하여 이물질을 제거하였다. 이물질을 제거한 찰옥수수 종자를 색차계 셀에 옥수수 종실의 상단부가 아래로 향하게 정열하여 넣은 후 색차계(Model CM-3500D, Minolta, Tokyo, Japan)를 이용하여 명도 값 L (lightness), 적색도 값 a (redness), 황색도 값 b (yellowness) 등 Hunter’s Lab 값을 측정하였다.
통계분석
통계분석은 SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, USA)와 Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, USA)을 이용하여 수행하였다. 조사값 들간의 평균비교는 SAS 9.2를 이용하여 Duncan의 다중 범위 검정(Duncan’s multiple range test, DMRT)으로 5%유의 수준 에서 비교하였고 조사값들의 표준오차는 Excel 함수 STDEV.S 를 이용하여 구하였으며 상관분석은 CORREL 함수를 이용하여 구하였다.
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 총카로티노이드 함량 변화
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 총카로티노이드 함량 변화 를 분석하기 위하여 노랑찰옥수수의 자식계통과 교잡계를 인공 교배 후 19일, 21일, 23일, 25일, 27일, 45일에 수확하여 총카로 티노이드 함량을 분석하였다.
수확시기에 따른 총카로티노이드 함량은 자식계통과 교잡계 에서 평균적으로 인공교배 후 19일부터 증가하다가 25~27일경 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고 이후에는 총카로티노이드 함량에 큰 변화가 없었으며 각각의 자식계통 및 교잡계의 총카로티노이 드 함량의 변화양상은 유사하였다(Fig. 1). 이것은 단옥수수는 출사 후 25일, 일반옥수수는 출사 후 28일에 총카로티노이드 함량이 가장 높고, 찰옥수수의 경우 미성숙 종자에서 가장 높은 카로티노이드 함량을 나타내며, 이러한 특성들은 품종간 차이가 있다는 기존의 연구보고와 유사한 결과였다(Hu & Xu 2011, Song et al. 2016). 또한, 출사 후 등숙기간이 증가함에 따라 총카로티노이드 함량은 처음에는 감소하다가 증가한 후 성숙단 계에서 다시 감소한다는 기존의 연구결과와는 차이가 있었다 (Xu et al. 2010). 수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수 13 자식계통의 총카로티노이드 함량을 분석한 결과, KY17 등 2 계통은 인공교 배 후 21일경에, KY34 등 3 계통은 인공교배 후 25일경에, KY2 등 4 계통은 인공교배 후 27일에, KY3 등 4 계통은 인공교 배 후 45일에 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다(Table 1). 인공교배 후 45일에 총카로티노이드 함량이 높게 나타난 것은 미성숙한 종자보다 성숙한 종자에서 총카로티노이드 함량이 높다는 기존 의 보고와 유사한 결과였으며, 계통에 따라 카로티노이드가 축적 되는 양상에 차이가 있는 것으로 생각되었다(Khampas et al. 2013). 찰옥수수를 수확하여 이용하는 시기인 인공교배 후 23일 에는 KY2가 15.4 ㎍/g으로 가장 높은 총카로티노이드 함량을 나타내었으며 그 다음으로 KY41, KY30 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(Table 1).
Fig. 1
Mean total carotenoid contents in yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time.
KJBS-49-359_F1.gif
Table 1
Total carotenoid contents of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.
Table 1
Inbred Total carotenoid contents at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2 11.5±0.0az 11.4±0.3b 15.4±0.2a 14.4±0.1a 15.9±0.5a 9.4±0.4b
KY3 4.5±0.8e 5.3±1.1ef 4.8±0.5fg 4.9±0.0hi 5.2±0.1hi 5.8±0.9c
KY13 7.8±0.4c 8.2±0.7d 7.6±0.3d 8.1±0.6e 8.4±0.2de 12.2±1.4a
KY17 6.2±0.4d 8.2±0.7d 6.9±1.2de 6.5±0.3fg 6.6±0.7fg 8.1±0.7b
KY27 3.2±0.7fg 4.4±0.1f 4.4±0.7g 3.7±0.0j 4.8±0.1i 3.3±0.0d
KY30 11.0±0.1a 14.1±0.7a 9.8±0.5c 13.3±0.8b 13.8±0.7b 13.4±0.5a
KY34 1.6±0.7h 0.6±0.2g 1.3±0.4i 1.9±0.8k 1.6±0.9j 1.2±0.6e
KY36 2.8±0.4g 4.8±0.4ef 5.3±0.0fg 7.4±0.5ef 6.1±0.4gh 5.4±0.4c
KY37 4.2±0.7ef 5.9±0.7e 5.8±0.2ef 7.0±0.4f 7.4±0.3ef 6.7±0.1c
KY39 4.6±0.0e 4.6±0.0f 4.3±0.0g 5.6±0.4gh 4.4±0.7i 3.1±0.5d
KY41 8.9±0.3b 9.7±0.2c 11.2±0.7b 11.0±0.2c 8.7±0.7cd 12.1±0.6a
KY43 7.0±0.6cd 7.5±0.0d 5.8±0.1ef 9.5±0.1d 9.9±0.3c 8.9±0.7b
KY45 4.2±0.3ef 4.2±0.3f 2.7±0.7h 4.3±0.4ij 5.1±0.7hi 5.3±0.4c

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함 량은 평균적으로 Fig. 1과 같이 자식계통보다 높은 함량을 나타 내었다. 수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수 18 교잡계의 총카로티노 이드 함량을 분석한 결과, KY34/KY45 등 2 교잡계는 인공교배 후 19일에, KY27/KY30 등 2 교잡계는 인공교배 후 21일에, KY2/KY39 등 3교잡계는 인공교배 후 23일에, KY3/KY30 등 6 교잡계는 인공교배 후 25일에, KY3/KY13 등 2 교잡계는 인공교배 후 27일에, KY30/KY39 등 3 교잡계는 인공교배 후 45일에 총카로티노이드 함량이 가장 높았다(Table 2). 노랑찰옥 수수 수확시기인 인공교배 후 23일에는 KY2/KY39가 총카로티 노이드 함량이 11.2 ㎍/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 KY13/KY30, KY17/KY30 등 2 교잡계와 총카로티노이드 함량 에 유의한 차이는 없었다(Table 2). 인공교배 후 23일에 노랑찰 옥수수 교잡계와 그들의 부모계통간 총카로티노이드 함량을 비교분석한 결과, 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량은 KY3/KY13, KY41/KY45 등 2 교잡계를 제외한 대부분의 교잡계에서 부모계 통의 평균 총카로티노이드 함량보다 높은 함량을 나타내었고 KY27/KY36의 경우 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량이 그의 부 모계통보다 유의하게 높았으며 부모계통의 총카로티노이드 함 량이 높으면 그의 교잡계 역시 총카로티노이드 함량이 높은 경향을 나타내었다(Fig. 2). 옥수수에서 카로티노이드 합성에 관여하는 유전자는 y1, y9 등이 있고 그 외에도 다양한 QTL이 존재하기 때문에 카로티노이드 관련 유전자들의 조성에 따라 노랑찰옥수수 부모계통과 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량에 차 이가 있는 것으로 생각되었다(Wurtzel et al. 2012).
Table 2
Total carotenoid contents of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.
Table 2
Hybrid Total carotenoid contents at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2/KY39 6.6±0.4bz 8.1±0.8d 11.2±0.3a 10.6±0.1b 9.5±0.7bc 6.8±0.1fgh
KY3/KY13 6.6±0.0b 6.7±0.5efg 5.3±0.2fg 6.1±0.7fg 6.8±1.0fg 6.2±0.1h
KY3/KY30 11.3±0.1a 10.9±0.7a 8.1±0.4bc 11.9±0.2b 10.7±0.7b 9.8±0.5c
KY3/KY39 3.6±0.3e 4.2±0.7i 5.7±0.8f 7.2±1.2def 5.5±0.6h 6.7±0.3fgh
KY13/KY17 4.1±0.7de 5.9±0.5fgh 7.3±0.7bcde 6.5±0.0ef 9.4±0.2cd 8.6±0.1de
KY13/KY30 7.0±0.5b 8.7±1.0cd 9.9±0.8a 10.7±1.3b 10.0±0.9bc 10.5±0.4bc
KY17/KY30 11.4±0.7a 8.6±0.1cd 10.9±0.5a 15.7±0.0a 16.4±0.9a 15.7±0.1a
KY17/KY39 5.0±0.3cd 6.9±0.2ef 6.4±0.5def 7.9±0.3cde 7.4±0.2ef 6.2±0.6h
KY27/KY30 5.9±0.6bc 10.6±0.3ab 8.5±0.9b 8.4±0.5cd 8.3±0.9de 6.4±0.5gh
KY27/KY36 5.2±0.7cd 5.6±0.7gh 7.9±0.5bcd 7.1±0.4def 7.4±0.2ef 5.7±0.1h
KY27/KY37 5.1±0.5cd 7.8±0.2de 6.5±0.3def 5.9±0.4fg 3.1±0.2i 5.8±0.2h
KY30/KY39 4.7±0.6d 7.7±0.2de 7.8±0.2bcd 8.3±0.9cd 10.5±0.5bc 11.3±0.0b
KY34/KY27 2.5±0.0f 2.8±0.2j 4.1±0.7g 3.7±0.1h 4.1±0.2i 3.6±0.1i
KY34/KY36 5.0±0.4cd 5.6±0.5gh 5.6±0.9fg 9.0±1.3c 6.0±0.1gh 7.6±1.2efg
KY34/KY37 5.9±0.2bc 5.0±0.2hi 5.9±1.1ef 6.3±0.4ef 7.7±0.2ef 7.8±1.2ef
KY34/KY43 4.5±0.6de 3.9±0.8ij 6.8±1.1cdef 7.2±1.1def 7.9±0.2ef 9.6±0.2cd
KY34/KY45 6.7±0.5b 6.7±0.5efg 4.1±0.3g 4.6±0.2gh 5.8±0.1gh 4.2±0.1i
KY41/KY45 11.9±0.2a 9.7±0.5bc 6.7±0.4cdef 8.6±0.8cd 9.7±0.2bc 11.6±1.0b

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Fig. 2
Comparison of total carotenoid contents between yellow waxy hybrids and their parent lines at 23 days after pollination.
KJBS-49-359_F2.gif
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 항산화 활성 변화
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 항산화 활성의 변화 양상을 구명하기 위하여 수확시기별 항산화 활성을 분석하였다. 노랑찰 옥수수의 항산화 활성은 자식계통과 교잡계에서 모두 평균적으 로 수확시기가 늦어질수록 감소하다가 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 총카로티노이드 함량의 변화와는 차이가 있었고 자식 계통은 인공교배 후 45일에, 교잡계는 인공교배 후 19일에 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었으며 평균적으로 교잡계의 항산화 활성이 자식계통보다 높은 경향을 나타내었다(Fig. 3). 노란색 단옥수수류의 활성산소 소거능은 미성숙한 종자보다 성숙한 종자에서 높다고 보고되고 있지만 자식계통과 교잡계간에 활성 산소 소거능이 가장 높은 시기에는 차이가 있었으며 이것은 각각의 옥수수 간에 유전적 배경이 다르고 페놀화합물 등 다른 항산화 물질들의 발현양상의 차이에 기인한 것으로 생각되었다 (Hu & Xu 2011; Khampas et al. 2013). 수확시기에 따른 노랑찰 옥수수 자식계통의 항산화 활성을 분석한 결과, KY2 등 2 계통은 인공교배 후 19일에, KY43은 인공교배 후 21일에, KY3 등 2 계통은 인공교배 후 23일에, KY37은 인공교배 후 27일에, KY13 등 7 계통은 인공교배 후 45일에 항산화 활성이 가장 높았다(Table 3). 특히, 총카로티노이드 함량이 상대적으로 적었 던 KY45가 수확시기 전체적으로 유의하게 높은 활성을 나타내 었고 인공교배 후 23일에는 KY34가 40.4%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 상대적으로 총카로티노이드 함량이 많았던 KY30 이 15.2%로 가장 낮은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다(Table 3). 수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수 교잡계의 항산화 활성을 분석한 결과, KY3/KY13 등 4 교잡계는 인공교배 후 19일에, KY30/KY39 등 2 교잡계는 인공교배 후 21일에, KY2/KY39 등 6 교잡계는 인공교배 후 23일에, KY13/KY17은 인공교배 후 27일에, KY17/KY39 등 4 교잡계는 인공교배 후 45일에 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다(Table 4). 공시 교잡계 중에서 인공교배 후 23일에는 KY34/KY37이 63.1%로 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었으며 KY2/KY39와 항산화 활성에 유의한 차이는 없었다(Table 4). 노랑찰옥수수 교잡계의 항산화 활성은 그들의 부모 계통의 항산화 활성에 따라 차이가 있었고 인공교배 후 23일의 항산화 활성은 KY27/KY36, KY30/KY39, KY34/KY27, KY34/KY43, KY34/KY45, KY41/KY45 등 6 교잡계를 제외한 12 교잡계가 부모계통보다 높거나 부모계통 중 어느 한 계통과 유사하였으며 총카로티노이드 함량이 상대적 으로 적었던 KY3/KY13이 항산화 활성이 상대적으로 높은 수준 을 나타내었다(Fig. 4).
Fig. 3
Mean antioxidant activities in yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time.
KJBS-49-359_F3.gif
Table 3
Antioxidant activities of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.
Table 3
Inbred Antioxidant activity at days after pollination (%)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2 42.5±2.7bz 38.5±1.7c 36.1±3.4bc 34.1±3.4bcd 32.2±1.5b 24.9±1.1h
KY3 19.7±1.9f 17.7±1.5j 26.1±2.5f 19.7±2.7f 20.0±0.7e 20.1±2.2i
KY13 17.2±2.2fg 22.5±0.8i 18.0±1.7h 11.0±0.8g 10.7±1.3f 23.7±1.2h
KY17 30.4±1.4d 31.7±1.4g 26.6±2.4f 26.4±0.2e 29.2±1.6c 37.0±3.4cd
KY27 43.3±1.6b 41.0±1.7b 38.4±0.7ab 37.6±1.0ab 32.8±0.8b 43.8±2.7b
KY30 23.6±0.3e 25.1±1.2h 15.2±1.2h 19.0±1.1f 25.2±1.3d 43.8±2.3b
KY34 16.5±1.4g 35.4±1.1de 40.4±0.2a 36.3±5.9abc 33.3±0.6b 34.7±0.4de
KY36 19.6±2.2f 19.2±2.4j 22.8±2.1g 21.6±1.0f 20.7±0.5e 30.9±0.4fg
KY37 28.9±0.9d 34.4±0.3ef 30.2±1.6e 31.3±0.8d 37.6±0.6a 29.2±1.5g
KY39 36.1±0.4c 36.6±1.5cde 32.4±1.1de 34.2±1.9bcd 29.6±1.3c 38.5±1.2c
KY41 37.0±0.3c 32.8±1.0fg 34.8±0.4cd 32.8±0.9cd 31.8±1.0b 35.1±0.5de
KY43 34.6±1.6c 37.2±0.4cd 17.4±0.5h 32.0±0.3d 32.6±0.5b 33.2±1.2ef
KY45 49.0±1.1a 43.7±1.7a 38.5±2.2ab 39.9±2.3a 38.6±1.4a 55.1±2.1a

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 4
Antioxidant activities of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.
Table 4
Hybrid Antioxidant activity at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2/KY39 61.4±0.7cz 55.1±1.0b 62.5±1.3a 57.0±1.8a 53.1±1.3b 43.6±0.9ab
KY3/KY13 84.3±0.3a 80.1±0.9a 56.0±1.4b 48.4±1.4c 49.7±1.7c 37.3±2.2c
KY3/KY30 41.3±0.2g 37.9±1.5ef 27.9±1.7ij 40.2±2.0e 29.7±1.3gh 31.5±0.8de
KY3/KY39 41.1±0.9g 40.4±1.9de 44.7±0.9de 38.2±0.6ef 38.0±1.0d 33.2±0.9d
KY13/KY17 37.7±0.3h 42.4±0.9d 47.8±0.7cd 50.3±1.4bc 57.2±0.3a 45.3±3.2ab
KY13/KY30 32.9±0.2jk 30.6±0.2g 40.4±1.4fg 29.8±1.1g 26.9±0.8ij 38.1±1.9c
KY17/KY30 49.0±1.2ef 31.3±2.2g 55.6±2.6b 23.4±0.4h 27.8±0.1hij 28.9±0.7efg
KY17/KY39 34.8±1.1ij 37.3±1.6f 33.8±0.1h 44.0±1.0d 39.8±1.3d 44.9±0.8ab
KY27/KY30 79.4±0.4b 38.3±0.1ef 37.4±1.7g 31.8±1.3g 32.6±1.4ef 45.2±1.0ab
KY27/KY36 40.8±1.6g 36.2±1.0f 29.6±3.9i 37.1±2.8f 28.9±1.4hi 45.0±0.8ab
KY27/KY37 37.1±1.9hi 41.9±2.6d 51.4±0.8c 35.7±1.5f 38.4±1.6d 42.6±2.3b
KY30/KY39 13.6±1.1n 25.7±2.0h 24.3±4.1jk 16.3±2.6i 14.7±2.4l 25.6±2.5gh
KY34/KY27 31.9±1.9k 20.7±1.0i 29.7±4.5i 24.3±3.0h 32.8±1.2e 37.9±1.1c
KY34/KY36 46.6±2.5f 49.0±2.0c 42.3±1.3ef 44.5±1.2d 27.2±1.5hij 29.5±2.7ef
KY34/KY37 51.9±2.4d 53.5±2.2b 63.1±1.6a 53.0±1.8b 32.2±1.7efg 22.4±1.6h
KY34/KY43 51.0±3.1de 32.2±2.2g 37.7±1.9g 30.0±1.6g 21.4±2.9k 27.6±2.9fg
KY34/KY45 26.1±2.0l 23.7±1.6h 22.5±2.0k 18.5±2.2i 30.0±1.9fgh 46.4±1.6a
KY41/KY45 20.7±1.5m 16.2±0.2j 13.5±1.2l 11.5±0.6j 25.8±0.9j 28.9±3.0efg

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Fig. 4
Comparison of antioxidant activities between yellow waxy hybrids and their parent lines at 23 days after pollination.
KJBS-49-359_F4.gif
노랑찰옥수수의 총카로티노이드 함량에 대한 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 상관분석을 실시하였다. 자식계 통과 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량과 항산화 활성의 상관분석 결과, 자식계통과 교잡계는 상관계수(r)가 각각 -0.12(p>0.05), -0.13(p>0.05)으로 낮은 부의 상관을 나타내었으며 총카로티노 이드 함량과 항산화 활성간에는 상관이 낮은 것으로 생각되었다. Ku et al. (2014)은 ABTS 활성산소 소거능 분석과 FRAP(ferric reducing antioxidant power) 분석을 통해 총카로티노이드와 항산화 활성의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 항산화 활성과 총카로티 노이드 함량간의 상관관계가 없었지만 이것은 카로티노이드와 같은 비극성 화합물에 대한 용매 추출 방법이 적합하지 않았기 때문이라고 하였다. Hexane을 용매로 이용하여 총카로티노이드 를 추출하면 총카로티노이드 함량에 따라 항산화 활성이 직선적 으로 증가한다고 보고되고 있으나 본 연구에서 카로티노이드 추출에 사용한 아세톤 1: 에탄올 1 (v/v)은 카로티노이드의 항산 화 활성을 검정하기에는 부적합한 추출 용매로 생각되었으며 효과적인 카로티노이드의 항산화 활성 측정을 위해서는 Hexane 등 다른 용매를 이용하여 추출하는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각되었다 (Kljak & Grbeša 2015).
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 Hunter’s Lab 값의 변화
총카로티노이드 함량과 색차 간의 상관관계를 분석하기 위하 여 수확시기별 노랑찰옥수수 종실의 Hunter’s Lab 값을 분석하 고 총카로티노이드 함량과의 상관을 분석하였다. 노랑찰옥수수 의 자식계통과 교잡계의 명도는 수확시기가 늦어질수록 지속적 으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 적색도는 증가하였으며 황색 도는 증가하다가 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다(Fig. 5). Hunter’s Lab 값과 총카로티노이드 함량의 상관분석 결과, Hunter’s Lab 값과 총카로티노이드 함량에는 유의한 상관이 있었고 명도는 상관계수가 -0.22(p<0.05)로 부의 상관관계, 적색도와 황색도는 각각 0.67 (p<0.05), 0.53(p<0.05)으로 정의 상관관계였으며 상대적으로 적색도와 황색도가 명도보다 높은 상관을 나타내었 다(Fig. 6). Hunter’s Lab 값과 총카로티노이드 함량의 상관분석 결과, 명도는 결정계수(R2)가 0.05로 이를 이용하여 총카로티노 이드 함량을 설명하기는 힘들 것으로 생각되었다. 적색도와 황색 도는 값이 증가함에 따라 총카로티노이드 함량이 증가하였고 각각의 결정계수가 0.46, 0.28로, 적색도와 황색도를 이용하여 총카로티노이드 함량이 높은 자식계통 및 교잡계 선발이 가능할 것으로 생각되었다(Fig. 6). 옥수수 종실의 색차를 이용한 선발 방법은 비파괴적인 분석방법으로 유전자원의 소실을 막을 수 있으며 전문적인 지식이 없더라도 쉽게 이용이 가능하므로 총카 로티노이드 함량이 높은 자원 탐색 및 계통 선발에도 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.
Fig. 5
Mean Hunter’s Lab value of yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time. a) Lightness; b) Redness; c) Yellowness.
KJBS-49-359_F5.gif
Fig. 6
Correlation between Hunter’s Lab and total carotenoid contents in yellow waxy corns. a) Lightness; b) Redness; c) Yellowness.
KJBS-49-359_F6.gif
본 연구는 노랑찰옥수수 수확시기에 따라 종실의 총카로티노 이드 함량과 항산화 활성의 변화 양상을 구명하고 노랑찰옥수수 품종 육성에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였으 며 그 결과는 다음과 같다.
노랑찰옥수수 자식계통과 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량은 평균적으로 인공교배 후 19일부터 증가하다가 25~27일경 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고 이후에는 총카로티노이드 함량에 큰 변화가 없었으며 교잡계가 자식계통보다 평균적으로 높은 함량 을 나타내었다. 찰옥수수를 수확하여 이용하는 시기인 인공교배 후 23일의 총카로티노이드 함량은 자식계통의 경우 KY2가 15.4 ㎍/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고 교잡계의 경우 KY2/KY39가 11.2 ㎍/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 교잡계와 부모계통의 총카로티노이드 함량을 비교분석한 결과, 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량은 일부 교잡계를 제외하고는 부모계통의 평균 보다 높은 함량을 나타내었고 KY27/KY36의 경우 교잡계의 총카로티노이드 함량이 부모계통보다 유의하게 높았다.
수확시기에 따른 노랑찰옥수수의 항산화 활성은 자식계통과 교잡계에서 모두 평균적으로 수확시기가 늦어질수록 감소하다 가 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고 교잡계가 자식계통보다 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 총카로티노이드 함량과 항산화 활성의 상관분석결과, 자식계통과 교잡계의 상관계수가 각각 -0.12, -0.13 으로 낮았다.
수확시기가 늦어질수록 노랑찰옥수수의 명도는 감소하였고 적색도와 황색도는 증가하였으며 총카로티노이드 함량과 상관 분석결과, 상관계수가 명도는 -0.22, 적색도는 0.67, 황색도는 0.53으로 적색도와 황색도가 명도보다 높았다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 공동연구사업의 과제번호: PJ01249702 (식용옥수수 우량 계통육성시험)에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Change of Total Carotenoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Waxy Corns (Zea mays L.) Depending on Harvest Time
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(4):359-368.   Published online December 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.4.359
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Change of Total Carotenoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Waxy Corns (Zea mays L.) Depending on Harvest Time
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(4):359-368.   Published online December 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.4.359
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Change of Total Carotenoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Waxy Corns (Zea mays L.) Depending on Harvest Time
Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Mean total carotenoid contents in yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time.
Fig. 2 Comparison of total carotenoid contents between yellow waxy hybrids and their parent lines at 23 days after pollination.
Fig. 3 Mean antioxidant activities in yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time.
Fig. 4 Comparison of antioxidant activities between yellow waxy hybrids and their parent lines at 23 days after pollination.
Fig. 5 Mean Hunter’s Lab value of yellow waxy corn inbred lines and hybrids depending on harvest time. a) Lightness; b) Redness; c) Yellowness.
Fig. 6 Correlation between Hunter’s Lab and total carotenoid contents in yellow waxy corns. a) Lightness; b) Redness; c) Yellowness.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Change of Total Carotenoid Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Waxy Corns (Zea mays L.) Depending on Harvest Time

Total carotenoid contents of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.

Inbred Total carotenoid contents at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2 11.5±0.0az 11.4±0.3b 15.4±0.2a 14.4±0.1a 15.9±0.5a 9.4±0.4b
KY3 4.5±0.8e 5.3±1.1ef 4.8±0.5fg 4.9±0.0hi 5.2±0.1hi 5.8±0.9c
KY13 7.8±0.4c 8.2±0.7d 7.6±0.3d 8.1±0.6e 8.4±0.2de 12.2±1.4a
KY17 6.2±0.4d 8.2±0.7d 6.9±1.2de 6.5±0.3fg 6.6±0.7fg 8.1±0.7b
KY27 3.2±0.7fg 4.4±0.1f 4.4±0.7g 3.7±0.0j 4.8±0.1i 3.3±0.0d
KY30 11.0±0.1a 14.1±0.7a 9.8±0.5c 13.3±0.8b 13.8±0.7b 13.4±0.5a
KY34 1.6±0.7h 0.6±0.2g 1.3±0.4i 1.9±0.8k 1.6±0.9j 1.2±0.6e
KY36 2.8±0.4g 4.8±0.4ef 5.3±0.0fg 7.4±0.5ef 6.1±0.4gh 5.4±0.4c
KY37 4.2±0.7ef 5.9±0.7e 5.8±0.2ef 7.0±0.4f 7.4±0.3ef 6.7±0.1c
KY39 4.6±0.0e 4.6±0.0f 4.3±0.0g 5.6±0.4gh 4.4±0.7i 3.1±0.5d
KY41 8.9±0.3b 9.7±0.2c 11.2±0.7b 11.0±0.2c 8.7±0.7cd 12.1±0.6a
KY43 7.0±0.6cd 7.5±0.0d 5.8±0.1ef 9.5±0.1d 9.9±0.3c 8.9±0.7b
KY45 4.2±0.3ef 4.2±0.3f 2.7±0.7h 4.3±0.4ij 5.1±0.7hi 5.3±0.4c

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Total carotenoid contents of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.

Hybrid Total carotenoid contents at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2/KY39 6.6±0.4bz 8.1±0.8d 11.2±0.3a 10.6±0.1b 9.5±0.7bc 6.8±0.1fgh
KY3/KY13 6.6±0.0b 6.7±0.5efg 5.3±0.2fg 6.1±0.7fg 6.8±1.0fg 6.2±0.1h
KY3/KY30 11.3±0.1a 10.9±0.7a 8.1±0.4bc 11.9±0.2b 10.7±0.7b 9.8±0.5c
KY3/KY39 3.6±0.3e 4.2±0.7i 5.7±0.8f 7.2±1.2def 5.5±0.6h 6.7±0.3fgh
KY13/KY17 4.1±0.7de 5.9±0.5fgh 7.3±0.7bcde 6.5±0.0ef 9.4±0.2cd 8.6±0.1de
KY13/KY30 7.0±0.5b 8.7±1.0cd 9.9±0.8a 10.7±1.3b 10.0±0.9bc 10.5±0.4bc
KY17/KY30 11.4±0.7a 8.6±0.1cd 10.9±0.5a 15.7±0.0a 16.4±0.9a 15.7±0.1a
KY17/KY39 5.0±0.3cd 6.9±0.2ef 6.4±0.5def 7.9±0.3cde 7.4±0.2ef 6.2±0.6h
KY27/KY30 5.9±0.6bc 10.6±0.3ab 8.5±0.9b 8.4±0.5cd 8.3±0.9de 6.4±0.5gh
KY27/KY36 5.2±0.7cd 5.6±0.7gh 7.9±0.5bcd 7.1±0.4def 7.4±0.2ef 5.7±0.1h
KY27/KY37 5.1±0.5cd 7.8±0.2de 6.5±0.3def 5.9±0.4fg 3.1±0.2i 5.8±0.2h
KY30/KY39 4.7±0.6d 7.7±0.2de 7.8±0.2bcd 8.3±0.9cd 10.5±0.5bc 11.3±0.0b
KY34/KY27 2.5±0.0f 2.8±0.2j 4.1±0.7g 3.7±0.1h 4.1±0.2i 3.6±0.1i
KY34/KY36 5.0±0.4cd 5.6±0.5gh 5.6±0.9fg 9.0±1.3c 6.0±0.1gh 7.6±1.2efg
KY34/KY37 5.9±0.2bc 5.0±0.2hi 5.9±1.1ef 6.3±0.4ef 7.7±0.2ef 7.8±1.2ef
KY34/KY43 4.5±0.6de 3.9±0.8ij 6.8±1.1cdef 7.2±1.1def 7.9±0.2ef 9.6±0.2cd
KY34/KY45 6.7±0.5b 6.7±0.5efg 4.1±0.3g 4.6±0.2gh 5.8±0.1gh 4.2±0.1i
KY41/KY45 11.9±0.2a 9.7±0.5bc 6.7±0.4cdef 8.6±0.8cd 9.7±0.2bc 11.6±1.0b

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Antioxidant activities of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.

Inbred Antioxidant activity at days after pollination (%)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2 42.5±2.7bz 38.5±1.7c 36.1±3.4bc 34.1±3.4bcd 32.2±1.5b 24.9±1.1h
KY3 19.7±1.9f 17.7±1.5j 26.1±2.5f 19.7±2.7f 20.0±0.7e 20.1±2.2i
KY13 17.2±2.2fg 22.5±0.8i 18.0±1.7h 11.0±0.8g 10.7±1.3f 23.7±1.2h
KY17 30.4±1.4d 31.7±1.4g 26.6±2.4f 26.4±0.2e 29.2±1.6c 37.0±3.4cd
KY27 43.3±1.6b 41.0±1.7b 38.4±0.7ab 37.6±1.0ab 32.8±0.8b 43.8±2.7b
KY30 23.6±0.3e 25.1±1.2h 15.2±1.2h 19.0±1.1f 25.2±1.3d 43.8±2.3b
KY34 16.5±1.4g 35.4±1.1de 40.4±0.2a 36.3±5.9abc 33.3±0.6b 34.7±0.4de
KY36 19.6±2.2f 19.2±2.4j 22.8±2.1g 21.6±1.0f 20.7±0.5e 30.9±0.4fg
KY37 28.9±0.9d 34.4±0.3ef 30.2±1.6e 31.3±0.8d 37.6±0.6a 29.2±1.5g
KY39 36.1±0.4c 36.6±1.5cde 32.4±1.1de 34.2±1.9bcd 29.6±1.3c 38.5±1.2c
KY41 37.0±0.3c 32.8±1.0fg 34.8±0.4cd 32.8±0.9cd 31.8±1.0b 35.1±0.5de
KY43 34.6±1.6c 37.2±0.4cd 17.4±0.5h 32.0±0.3d 32.6±0.5b 33.2±1.2ef
KY45 49.0±1.1a 43.7±1.7a 38.5±2.2ab 39.9±2.3a 38.6±1.4a 55.1±2.1a

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Antioxidant activities of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.

Hybrid Antioxidant activity at days after pollination (㎍/g)
19 days 21 days 23 days 25 days 27 days 45 days
KY2/KY39 61.4±0.7cz 55.1±1.0b 62.5±1.3a 57.0±1.8a 53.1±1.3b 43.6±0.9ab
KY3/KY13 84.3±0.3a 80.1±0.9a 56.0±1.4b 48.4±1.4c 49.7±1.7c 37.3±2.2c
KY3/KY30 41.3±0.2g 37.9±1.5ef 27.9±1.7ij 40.2±2.0e 29.7±1.3gh 31.5±0.8de
KY3/KY39 41.1±0.9g 40.4±1.9de 44.7±0.9de 38.2±0.6ef 38.0±1.0d 33.2±0.9d
KY13/KY17 37.7±0.3h 42.4±0.9d 47.8±0.7cd 50.3±1.4bc 57.2±0.3a 45.3±3.2ab
KY13/KY30 32.9±0.2jk 30.6±0.2g 40.4±1.4fg 29.8±1.1g 26.9±0.8ij 38.1±1.9c
KY17/KY30 49.0±1.2ef 31.3±2.2g 55.6±2.6b 23.4±0.4h 27.8±0.1hij 28.9±0.7efg
KY17/KY39 34.8±1.1ij 37.3±1.6f 33.8±0.1h 44.0±1.0d 39.8±1.3d 44.9±0.8ab
KY27/KY30 79.4±0.4b 38.3±0.1ef 37.4±1.7g 31.8±1.3g 32.6±1.4ef 45.2±1.0ab
KY27/KY36 40.8±1.6g 36.2±1.0f 29.6±3.9i 37.1±2.8f 28.9±1.4hi 45.0±0.8ab
KY27/KY37 37.1±1.9hi 41.9±2.6d 51.4±0.8c 35.7±1.5f 38.4±1.6d 42.6±2.3b
KY30/KY39 13.6±1.1n 25.7±2.0h 24.3±4.1jk 16.3±2.6i 14.7±2.4l 25.6±2.5gh
KY34/KY27 31.9±1.9k 20.7±1.0i 29.7±4.5i 24.3±3.0h 32.8±1.2e 37.9±1.1c
KY34/KY36 46.6±2.5f 49.0±2.0c 42.3±1.3ef 44.5±1.2d 27.2±1.5hij 29.5±2.7ef
KY34/KY37 51.9±2.4d 53.5±2.2b 63.1±1.6a 53.0±1.8b 32.2±1.7efg 22.4±1.6h
KY34/KY43 51.0±3.1de 32.2±2.2g 37.7±1.9g 30.0±1.6g 21.4±2.9k 27.6±2.9fg
KY34/KY45 26.1±2.0l 23.7±1.6h 22.5±2.0k 18.5±2.2i 30.0±1.9fgh 46.4±1.6a
KY41/KY45 20.7±1.5m 16.2±0.2j 13.5±1.2l 11.5±0.6j 25.8±0.9j 28.9±3.0efg

zMeans in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 1 Total carotenoid contents of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.

Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 2 Total carotenoid contents of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.

Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 3 Antioxidant activities of 13 yellow waxy corn inbred lines depending on harvest time.

Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 4 Antioxidant activities of 18 yellow waxy corn hybrids depending on harvest time.

Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by Duncan’s multiple range test.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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