Academic and technical development of a variety of molecular markers in plant research has brought new innovations.DNA molecular markers have been used in a variety of fields, such as plant taxonomy, physiology and genetic engineering, aswell as simple DNA fingerprints. Wheat is one of the three important crop with maize and rice. However, wheat have soenormous genome (17,000 Mb) that they have a lot of trouble to research follow. In this study, we analyzed that the reportedon the research field of wheat have been reported until now, and was to provide direction for future research. The results ofanalysis of 1,123 episode of major papers published from 1990 to 2012, the field of genetics and breeding was highest 38.3%,molecular marker was 26.9% and physiology was 1.5%, respectively. In Korea, 35 wheat cultivars were developed such as‘Kumkang”. Most of all the Korean wheat cultivars are developed for specific applications that is baking or noodles. Therefore,the development of specific molecular markers related to abiotic or biotic stress, yield and quality of wheat flour are able touse useful tools to protect wheat varieties, as well as the wheat breeding programe, the quantity and quality of wheat.

The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity in 72 major peach varieties by using SSR markers. Aset of 189 SSR primer pairs was screened and 74 primer pairs showed polymorphism in 9 varieties. Twenty primer pairs outof 74 primer pairs showed clear band pattern and repetitive reproducibility. The relationship between 20 markers genotypes and72 varieties was analyzed. A total of 71 polymorphic amplified fragments were obtained by using 20 SSR markers. Two to nineSSR alleles were detected for each locus with an average of 3.6 alleles per locus. Average polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.523, ranging from 0.246 to 0.771. A total of 71 marker loci were used to calculate Jaccard’s distance coefficientsfor cluster analysis using UPGMA. Clustering group was largely divided 2 groups according to absence or presence ofpubescence on the fruit surface and genetic distance of cluster ranging from 0.39 to 1.00. Analysis of genetic diversity revealedthat these 20 SSR marker sets discriminated a total of 68 varieties except for 4 mutant varieties among 72 varieties. These SSRmarkers will be utilized as molecular evidence in variety identification of peach.

In order to identify major metabolic components involved in the regulation of superior clonal seedling’s growth ofPopulus davidiana, we compared various clonal growth parameters (total dry weight, stem dry weight, and leaf dry weight) withthe levels of metabolites in either leaf or stem of the corresponding rooted cutting seedlings. In leaf tissues, the contents ofsugars, including glucose, sucrose, and inositol were significantly correlated with stem dry weight. In contrast, the levels of aminoacids in stems, glutamic acid, alanine, and threonine, were correlated with leaf dry weight. Leaf tissues of superior clonescontained sugars at least 1.3-fold higher than regular clones, while stem tissues accumulated 1.2-fold higher levels of amino acidscompared to regular clones. In addition, superior clones accumulated higher amount of metabolites in tissue-dependent manner;i.e. rythronic acid, malic acid, and petanedioic acid in leaves, and succinic and maleic acid in stems. In conclusion, our resultsshowed that clonal growth performance of P. davidiana was correlated with different types of metabolites in tissue-dependentmanner, suggesting that tissue-dependent metabolic profiling might be a prerequisite process for identifying metabolic markersfor growth traits of P. davidiana.

The unique trait ‘pungency’ in peppers (Capsicum.) results from the secondary metabolites known as capsaicinoids.Previous studies have identified a single dominant gene, Pun1, to be involved in biosynthesis of capsaicin. Molecular markersto distinguish between presence and absence of pungency have already been developed. But there have been little studies andinformation concerning the genetic control of quantitative trait of capsaicinoid content in Capsicum fruit. The purpose of thisstudy aimed cultivation and evaluation of F7 RIL population for QTL analysis related to the capsaicinoid content. We haveevaluated several horticultural characteristics including the capsaicinoid content in two parents and 93 plants of F7 generation.The capsaicinoid content of pungent parent, Saengryeg 211 was found to be 341.6 mg/100 g, which was higher than pungentcultivar, ‘Chungyang’. For the non-pungent parent, Saengryeg 213, it was 0mg/100 g. This coincidence with molecular markerrelated to presence/absence of pungency. The capsaicinoid content in 93 plants of F7 generation ranges from 77.8 mg/100 g to1046.0 mg/100 g and its distribution in pungent lines showed a normal curve pattern. These results provide a strong foundationof this mapping population for further QTL analysis studies related to fruit quality including the pungency level.

Backcrossing is a plant breeding method most commonly used to incorporate one or a few genes into an adapted orelite variety. To facilitate MAB (marker-assisted backcrossing) in a practice breeding program, we developed a SNP databaseand a program for providing selected markers for background selection from genome-wide SNPs of seven tomato accessionsdownloaded from NCBI-SRA. We identified 410,074 SNPs among 21 parental combinations with data from seven transcriptomesand developed a SNP database. To select the optimized number of markers for background selection, we divided 12 chromosomesaccording to physical length and genetic length. Initially, each chromosome was equally divided into five blocks according tophysical length, and three SNPs were positioned per block. Additionally, we applied the genetic distance from tomato-EXPEN2000 map because the frequency of recombination can vary greatly among chromosomal regions. When considering geneticdistance, each chromosome was divided into fifteen blocks unequally and one SNP was positioned per block. The program forbackground selection was designed to be simple and easy to use, and it is available at http://tgsol.seeders.co.kr/index.php/tg/mab.When the user selects the parental combination, the program provides selected markers with primer information. The value ofthis program for tomato breeding will further increase if more accession numbers are added to the database.

To evaluate qualitative and quantitative expression level of HMW-GS protein, we separated glutenin fractions andconducted two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) in 32 Korean wheat cultivars. The average spot numbers of HMW-GS inKorean wheat cultivars were 11.78 which included 1.31, 5.53 and 4.94 spots at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively.Cultivars harboring 1, 2* subunits had more spots than ones with null allele in Glu-A1 locus because Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locidid not show difference in spot number. A large variation in the total spot number of HMW-GS was observed ranging from7 (Dahong) to 18 (Jokyung). Relative expression level of Korean wheat cultivars when compared with the check accessionChinese Spring ranged from 24% (Eunpa) to 111% (Gobun) with an average of 44%. Korean wheat accessions could be classifiedinto six groups based on the number of HMW-GS spots and quantification value of each spot.

Flower color of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) was observed individually in F2 of crosses among violet, white, pinkflower varieties, and between pale pink and pink flower varieties for providing information of useful gene as source of coloredflower. F2 segregation mode of flower color between cross of white/violet was fitted to 3 violet : 1 white, and same segregationratio of 3 violet : 1 pink was found in F2 of cross of violet/pink flower variety. Also, F2 segregation of flower color betweencross of pale pink/pink flower variety was fitted to 3 violet : 1 white. When white flower was crossed with pink flower, flowercolor in F2 population segregated into 9 violet : 3 pink : 4 white. Based on the results, this study indicated that flower colorof parental varieties was controlled by recessive epistatic interactions of two genes, and pale pink flower color was recessiveto the pink color of the parental variety. This flower color inheritance may be used for practical application in breeding of hairyvetch variety.

A new azuki bean variety ‘Saegil’ (Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi) was developed at the National Institute of CropScience (NICS) in Milyang in 2007. It was developed from the cross between ‘IT189400’ and ‘SA8412’. In 2004, a promisingline, which has the characteristics of early ripening, large grain, and disease and stress resistance, was selected and designatedas the name of ‘Milyang 1’. ‘Milyang 1’ showed high yielding and good grain quality at the regional adaption yield trials for threeyears. ‘Milyang 1’ was released to new azuki-bean variety as the name of ‘Saegil’. ‘Saegil’ showed 3 to 6 days early ripening thanthat of ‘Choungjoo’. Its 100 grain weight is about 18.1 g showing 1.2 g heavier than that of ‘Choungjoo’. The yield potential ofthis variety was 141 kg per 10a at the nationwide regions.

A new double cropping potato cultivar ‘Goun’ was developed by Highland Agriculture Research Center, NationalInstitute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2007. This cultivar was obtained from the cross between ‘Chubaek’ and ‘Lemhi russet’in 1998. The seedling and line selections were performed from 1999 to 2000, preliminary and advanced yield trials were carriedout from 2001 to 2004, and the regional yield trials were conducted at three locations from 2005 to 2006. ‘Goun’ has whiteflower, green wide leaflet and petiole, short oval tuber with beige skin and white flesh. This cultivar has mid resistance tocommon scab and potato leaf roll virus. The dry matter content were 20.4 and 21.4% in spring and autumn season, respectively,which were similar with those of ‘Atlantic’ and higher than ‘Dejima’. Also, the potato chip color of ‘Goun’ was similar withthat of ‘Atlantic’ in spring and autumn season. The dormancy of ‘Goun’ was 60～70 days after harvest, which was 5～10 dayslonger than ‘Dejima’. The average yield of tubers in spring and autumn season were 33.2 and 26.3 ton/ha in the regional yieldtrials, which were 13% and 14% lower in spring and autumn season, respectively compared to ‘Dejima’. ’Goun’ can be usedfor the potato chip processing and table stock after autumn cultivation in potato double cropping area of Korea.

‘Cheongpungheukchal’, a new blackish pigmented glutinous rice variety , was developed by the rice breeding teamof Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services in 2009. This cultivar was derived from a cross between‘Shindongjin’ as grain quality source and ‘Heugseonchal’ as black glutinous and aromatic source. The donor parent, ‘Sindongjin’,had been backcrossed one time with recurrent parent ‘Heugseonchal’ and selected by the pedigree breeding method until F6generation. As a result, a promising line, CBR12-9-3-1, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘CBR12 L8’ in 2006. Thecultivar headed on August 23 in the test of local adaptability and had 65 cm culm length. This cultivar had about 16 tillers perhill and 108 spikelets numbers per panicle. Ripended grain ratio was about 78.5% and 1,000 grain weight was 23.5 g in brownrice. It is moderately resistant to leaf blast but susceptible to other disease and insect pests. It has higher anthocyanin contentcompared to blackish pigmented check cultivar ‘Heugseonchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 5.80 MT/ha in localadaptability test for three years. ‘Cheongpungheukchal’ is adaptable to middle plain and southern mid-mountainous area underordinary cropping system in Korea.

A new soybean cultivar for soybean sprout, ‘Wonheug’ was developed at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS)in 2009. ‘Wonheug (Iksan63)’ was released from the cross between F1 of YS1286 (Tawonkong/Jinju#1) and Jinju#1. It has purpleflower, oval shaped leaf, tawny pubescence and small black seed (8.8 g/100 seed). Maturing date of ‘Wonheug’ is ten days laterthan check cultivar, ‘Tawonkong’. Even though mosaic symptom can be observed by artificial inoculation, ‘Wonheug’ is tolerantto virus and bacterial pustule at field. It has similar tolerance to a check cultivar for excess water and seed spot. ‘Wonheug’produce more soy-sprout than a check cultivar because it shows high in germination ratio, low in rate of abnormal germinationand hard seed. The average yield of ‘Wonheug’ was 2.34 ton per hectare in the regional yield trial (RYT) carried out for threeyears from 2007 to 2009, which was 12 percent higher than check cultivar, ‘Tawonkong’.

‘Okrang’ is a grape cultivar, obtained from an interspecific (Sheridan × Campbell Early) cross and it was preliminarilyselected in 2002. After regional adaptability tests under the name of ‘Poyeon-03’ at seven sites from 2003 to 2009, it was finallyselected in 2009. Its mean date of bud break, at Okcheon was 17 April, full bloom occurred on 29 May, and optimum harvesttime is late August, which is almost 40 days earlier than ‘Sheridan’. It has a low to moderately vigorous growth habit andmedium intensity of anthocyanin coloration on main veins on upper side of the mature leaf. Its Bunch size excluding peduncleis medium and berry is apt to a little loose. Mean cluster weight is 300 g and mean weight of berries is 3.4 g. The mean totalsoluble solids concentration is 16.9 °Bx, which is higher than that of ‘Sheridan’ (16.6 °Bx). The skin color is black with abundantfox aroma and berry shattering is low. Sensory quality tests showed that red wine made from ‘Okrang’ grapes was superior tothat made from ‘Sheridan’ grapes.

Dendranthema grandiflourm ‘My City’ was developed from a cross cultivar at the Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research＆ Extension Services (GARES) in 2010. The cultivar ‘My City’ was initially derived from the cross in 2006 between ‘Fabienna’as a seed parent, a pot chrysanthemum cultivar with pink single type, and ‘Redwing’ as a pollen parent, a pot chrysanthemumcultivar with red single type. The cultivar has single type flowers with red basal color (RHS Orange Red Group N34A) mixyellow petals (RHS Yellow Group 11A). Trials for evaluation was conducted from 2008 to 2010 for a selection of that cultivar,including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in winter. The natural flowering time of ‘My City’ was October26th, and year-round flowering is possible by shading or retarding treatment. The diameter of flower is 56.4mm. Numbers offlowers per stem and petals per flower of ‘My City’ were 13.4 and 26.2, respectively. Its leaf color is green (RHS Green Group138B) and plant height is about 20.1 cm. The line was named as Gyeongkyo ‘B1-13’ and phenotype was evaluated 2010 asa new cultivar. This cultivar is weak to white rust and consumer’s preference of new pot chrysanthemum is high level thancontrol. We expect that ‘My City’ has a great potential for year round cultivation and domestic market due to this cultivar hasattractive flower color, reasonable plant height and vigorous branch growth.

A new kidney bean cultivar, ‘Noghyeob 1’ was developed at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2005.The kidney edible-pod bean, ‘Noghyeob 1’ was selected from a cross between KLG50074 and KLG50063. It has determinategrowth habit, white flower, green pod color, oval shape of crossed section of pod at the harvesting time for edible pod. It haswhite seed coat and middle seed size (21.1 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of edible pod of ‘Noghyeob 1’ was 24.25M/T per hectare in the yield trials which was carried out at the green house in spring and autumn in 2005. This yield levelwas 7 percent higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Kangnangkong 1’.

Phomopsis seed decay in soybean is one of the major diseases in soybean cultivation and harvest. Especially, hot andhumid weather in maturing season attribute to the severe loss for soybean seeds by symptom of Phomopsis. To improve thisweakness, seeds of landrace ‘KAS 360-22’ with susceptibility for Phomopsis were irradiated using a 250 Gy gamma ray in 1998.This cultivar has a few distinguishable characteristics such as resistance to Phomopsis seed decay, seed color change and highyielding, compared to landrace ‘KAS360-22’. Although the maturation period of ‘Wonyul’ (127.5 DAS (days after sowing)) is18.9 days later than that of landrace ‘KAS 360-22’ (108.6 DAS), their total yield (233.3 kg/10a) is about 11 times higher thanthat of landrace ‘KAS360-22’ (24.9 kg/10a). Their agronomic trait including resistance to Phomopsis seed decay is much betterthan standard cultivar ‘Ilpumgeomjeong’ for mixed cooking with rice.

‘Seolemi’, a new japonica rice cultivar developed from a cross between F1 plant derived from the cross between‘Sangjubyeo’ and ‘Suwon440’, and ‘Sangju22’ having a good eating-quality and lodging resistance, was developed by the ricebreeding team of Sangju Substation, NICS, RDA in 2011. This variety has about 120 days growth duration from transplantingto harvesting in southern mid-mountainous area of Korea. It has 73 cm culm length and tolerance to lodging. In reaction to bioticand abiotic stresses, it shows strong resistance to blast, but is susceptible to bacterial blight, virus diseases, and insect pests. Themilled rice of ‘Seolemi’ exhibits translucent, relatively clear non-glutinous endosperm and medium short grain. It has a highermilling rate of 77.5% and milled rice recovery of 75.7%, and good palatability of cooked rice compared with ‘Odaebyeo’. Themilled rice yield performance of this variety is about 5.60 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Seolemi’ would beadaptable to southern mid-mountainous of South Korea.