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감마선 조사에 따른 감귤 품종별 생존율과 과실특성 및 가시길이에 미치는 영향

최철우1,*, 김민주2, 진성범1, 박석만1, 윤수현1

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Survival, Fruit Characteristic, and Thorn Length in Different Varieties of Citrus

Cheol-Woo Choi1,*, Min-Ju Kim2, Seong-beom Jin1, Suk-Man Park1, Su-Hyun Yun1
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2023;55(4):296-302.
Published online: December 1, 2023

1농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 감귤연구소

2농촌진흥청 수출농업지원과

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: cwchoi7@korea.kr, Tel: +82-64-730-4142, Fax: +82-64-730-4111)
• Received: October 15, 2023   • Revised: November 18, 2023   • Accepted: November 21, 2023

Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • In this study, we investigated the variety-dependent survival of citrus seedlings and analyzed the pomological characteristics of fruits and thorn lengths following irradiation with gamma rays. Scions from the seedlings of the following citrus varieties, ‘Yuzu’, ‘Noeulhyang’, ‘Sarahyang’, ‘Namgam’ (nucellar), and ‘Meiwakumquat’ irradiated with gamma rays at 0, 60, 80, and 100 Gy were grafted onto trifoliate orange. At 6 months after grafting, the survival rates of ‘Yuzu’ and ‘Noeulhyang’ exposed to 100 Gy were 49.5% and 34.8%, and that of ‘Sarahyang’ and ‘Namgam’ (nucellar) exposed to 80 Gy were 51.6% and 46.8%, respectively. ‘Meiwakumquat’ exhibited the lowest survival among the varieties used in this study. Therefore, we classified ‘Meiwakumquat’ as highly susceptible to gamma radiation; ‘Noeulhyang’, ‘Sarahyang’, and ‘Namgam’ (nucellar) as intermediately susceptible; and ‘Yuzu’ as the least susceptible. We assessed the effects of gamma radiation on the pomological traits in irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’ and ‘Yuzu’. Among the 72 irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’ seedlings, the average seed number (number of seeds per fruit) varied between 0 and 18.6, whereas that in the unirradiated seedlings was between 8 and 18. Among the irradiated seedlings, the average seed number was less than 1.0 in eight seedlings. In addition, we observed variations in weight, rind and segment hardness, and sugar and acid contents. The thorn length of the flush in unirradiated ‘Yuzu’ was between 1.3 and 6.0 cm, whereas that of flush in gamma-irradiated seedlings was between 0.1 and 6.1 cm. Among the irradiated ‘Yuzu’ seedlings, the thorn length was less than 0.1 cm in two seedlings.
  • Keywords: citrus; mutation; breeding; seedless; radiation
감귤 신품종은 주로 교배육종을 통해 개발되지만 웅성불임성(male-sterility)과 종자의 다배성(polyembryony)으로 인해 교배육종의 소재로 활용할 수 없는 자원들이 많다(Aleza et al. 2010, Dewi et al. 2013, Goto et al. 2016, Goto et al. 2018, Koltunow et al. 1996, Ribeiro et al. 1999). 웅성불임성은 화분을 생산할 수 없기 때문에 부본으로 사용할 수 없다. 감귤의 다배종자는 포자체의 아포믹시스(sporophytic apomixis)로 하나의 종자에 주심(nucellus) 조직에서 발달한 10여 개의 주심배와 하나의 교잡배로 이루어져 있는데, 모체와 동일한 주심배들로부터 하나의 교잡배를 선발하는 것이 어렵고 종자발달 과정에서 주심배들이 교잡배를 퇴화시키기 때문에 다배성 자원을 모본으로 사용하여 교잡된 배를 얻는 것은 거의 불가능하다(Aleza et al. 2010, Koltunow et al. 1996). 그리고 긴 유년성으로 육종연한이 길고, 교배육종을 위한 포장면적, 시간, 노동력 비용이 많이 요구 되기 때문에 교배를 통한 형질개선은 거의 불가능하다(Salonia et al. 2020). 그에 반해 돌연변이 육종은 원품종의 형질은 대부분 그대로 유지하면서 한 두가지의 특성을 개선할 때 효과적이며, 교배육종에 비해 단시간에 품종을 개발할 수 있는 것이 장점이다(Broertjes & Van Harten 1988).
현재까지 감귤의 돌연변이 육종연구를 통해 종자, 과육색, 가시형질 등 일부 형질이 개선된 품종이 개발되었다. Williams와 Roose (2008a, b)는 감마선을 조사하여 종자가 없거나 종자수가 감소된 만다린 품종 ‘데이지(Daisy)’, ‘훼어차일드(Fairchild)’, ‘키노우(Kinnow)’를 개발하였고, Starrantino (1988)은 가시없는 레몬을 선발하였으며, Hensz (1985)는 자몽 품종 ‘루비 레드(Ruby red)’의 접수에 열 중성자(thermal neutron)를 처리하여 원 품종에 비해 과피색이 3배 이상 진한 ‘리오 레드(Rio red)’를 선발하였다.
감귤 품종에 따라 돌연변이원(Mutagen)에 대한 감수성 정도가 다양하다(Broertjes & Van Harten 1988). ‘Shamouti’오렌지의 감마선 반수 치사량(LD50)은 80-100 Gy (Spiegel Roy & Kochba 1973), ‘pineapple’오렌지는 100-150 Gy (Hearn 1984), ‘Rough’레몬은 62 Gy (Kaur & Rattanpal 2010)로 보고되었으며, 콜히친의 경우 0.1% 농도를 ‘클리멘타인(Clementine)’ 캘러스에 8주간 처리하였을 때 LD50에 도달하였으며(Wu and mooney 2002), ‘병감(Ponkan)’ 캘러스에는 4일간 처리하였을 때 LD50에 도달한것으로 보고되었다(Dutt et al. 2010). 하지만 국내에서 재배되는 감귤 품종의 돌연변이 유발 후 나타나는 생존율과 돌연변이 특성 양상에 관한 연구 사례는 거의 없다. 본 연구는 감귤 돌연변이 유기 체계 확립을 위해 국내에서 재배되는 감귤의 접수를 이용하여 품종별 감마선 선량에 따른 생존율을 조사하였고, 감마선 조사 후 과실특성과 가시길이를 조사하여 돌연변이 양상을 평가하였다.
감마선 처리
본 연구는 제주도 서귀포시 남원읍에 위치한 국립원예특작과학원 감귤연구소 연구온실에서 수행하였다. 감귤 품종별 감마선 선량에 따른 생존율을 조사하기위해 2월초 새순이 나오기 전의 ‘유자’(Yuzu), ‘영파금감’(Meiwakumquat), ‘노을향’(Noeulhyang), ‘사라향’(Sarahyang), ‘남감’(주심배)(Namgam (nucellar))의 접수를 채취하여 감마선 조사하기 전까지 4℃에 냉장 보관하였다. 채취된 접수는 제주대학교 원자력과학기술연구소의 감마선 조사시설에서 감마선 조사선량이 60, 80, 100 Gy로 되도록 조사하였다. 다음날 감마선 조사된 접수와 무처리 접수는 감귤연구소 연구온실에서 2-3년생 탱자에 접목하여 새순 발생을 유도하였다. 접목 6개월 후 품종별 감마선 조사선량 0 Gy, 60 Gy, 80 Gy, 100 Gy에 따른 품종별 묘목의 생존여부를 조사하였다. 각 품종당 감마선 선량에 따른 묘목 생존율의 유의성 검정은 통계프로그램 SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)를 이용하여 Scheffe 검정을 수행하였다.
과실 및 가시 특성 조사
감마선이 조사된 ‘탐빛1호’의 묘목 과실특성과 ‘유자’의 가시특성을 조사하였다. ‘탐빛1호’ 접수에 감마선 조사선량 100 Gy로 조사하였고, 2년생 탱자에 접목하여 새순 발생과 생장을 유도하였다. 이듬해 생장된 3-5마디 가지를 채취하여 제주도 제주시 도련동에 위치한 감귤연구소 연구포장에 3×2 m 간격으로 식재된 5년생 탱자에 2차 접목하였다. 3년뒤 감마선 처리 묘목 72개체의 과실 종자수, 과피 경도, 양낭피 경도, 과중, 당도, 산 함량을 조사하였고 한 개체당 5개의 과실을 조사하였으며 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’를 대조구로 이용하였다. 종자수 조사는 과실의 종경 중간지점에 가로로 절단한 단면을 관찰하여 종자 갯수를 조사하였다. 과피 경도와 양낭피 경도는 물성 측정기(Texture analyzer) (Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 당도는 Hand Brixmeter (ATAGO, N-1E, Japan)를 이용하여 측정하였고, 산 함량은 착즙액 1 ml에 증류수로 5배 희석하여 1% 페놀프탈레인 용액 100 uL이 첨가된 0.1 N 수산화나트륨 용액을 적정하여 환산하였다. 모든 분석은 5회 반복 측정하였다. ‘유자’의 경우 100 Gy 감마선을 조사한 접수한 무처리 접수를 2-3년생 탱자에 접목하였고, 접목 후 6개월 뒤 53개체 감마선 조사 묘목과 무처리 봄순과 여름순의 5개의 가시길이를 각각 측정하였다.
감마선 조사선량에 따른 감귤 품종별 생존율
감마선 조사선량에 따른 감귤 품종 ‘유자’, ‘노을향’, ‘사라향’, ‘남감’(주심배), ‘영파금감’의 생존율을 조사하였다(Table 1, Fig. 1). 감마선 처리 후 접목하기까지 기간이 길어 질수록 묘목의 생존율에 영향을 주기 때문에 감마선 처리 후 다음날 접목을 실시하였다. 조사결과, ‘유자’와 ‘노을향’의 경우 무처리(0 Gy), 60 Gy, 80 Gy처리 후 생존율 간에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없었으나 100 Gy 처리 후 생존율이 각각 49.5%와 34.8%로 급격하게 감소하였다. ‘사라향’의 경우 60 Gy처리 후 생존율이 79.4%로 감소하였지만 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 그러나 80 Gy 처리 후 생존율이 51.6%로 급격하게 감소하였으며 100 Gy 처리후에는 생존율이 37.3%로 가장 낮았다. ‘남감’(주심배)경우 처리한 감마선 선량에 따라 생존율이 무처리에서 94.0%, 60 Gy에서 64.1%, 80 Gy에서 46.8%, 100 Gy에서 39.3%로 점진적으로 감소하였고 각각의 생존율은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 영파금감의 경우 60 Gy와 80 Gy 처리 후 생존율이 27.6%, 23.2%로 시험 품종 중 가장 낮았고 100 Gy 처리 후에는 생존한 개체가 없었다.
Broertjes와 Van Harten (1988)는 감마선 선량이 높아질수록 돌연변이 발생율과는 정 상관관계가 있지만 생존율과는 부 상관관계가 있으며, 그 생존율이 품종이나 처리 부위(종자, 접수, 캘러스 등)에 따라 다양하다고 보고하였다. 이 연구 결과를 통해 감귤 품종별 감마선에 대한 감수성은 생존율에 따라 ‘영파금감’이 가장 높은 것으로 보이며, ‘노을향’, ‘사라향’, ‘남감’(주심배)는 중간정도 ‘유자’는 가장 낮은 것으로 판단된다(Table 1, Fig. 1).
감마선에 의한 과실특성 변이양상
감마선 100 Gy로 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’ 72개체 과실의 평균 종자수, 과피, 양낭피의 경도, 과중, 당도, 산 함량을 조사하였다(Table 2, Fig. 2). 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’의 평균 종자수가 10.3개로 과실 당 최소 8개에서 최대 18개 범위로 나타났다. 반면 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’의 과실당 평균 종자수 범위는 최소 0개에서 최대 18.6개 인 것으로 조사되었으며 평균 종자수 1.0개 이하인 개체가 8개체(11.1%)로 나타났다(Table 2, Fig. 2A). 과피 경도의 경우 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’에서 평균 27.9 N (Nuton)으로 최소 23.3 N에서 최대 35.5 N의 범위로 나타났다. 반면 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’의 과피경도는 최소 12.3 N에서 최대 49.1 N인것으로 조사되었으며, 41%가 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’의 최소 과피 경도 보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다(Table 2, Fig. 2B). 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’의 양낭피 경도는 평균 4.1 N, 최소 2.9 N에서 최대 5.1 N 범위로 나타난 반면, 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’ 양낭피 경도의 범위는 최소 1.8 N에서 최대 4.4 N으로 나타났으며 그중 2개체(3%)의 양낭피 경도가 2.0 N이하로 조사되었다(Table 2, Fig. 2C). 과중의 경우, 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’는 평균 200.9 g, 최소 176.9 g에서 최대 231.7 g으로 나타났고, 감마선 처리 ‘탐빛1호’의 과중은 최소 62.8 g에서 최대 292.7 g으로 나타났다(Table 2, Fig. 2D). ‘탐빛1호’ 평균 당도는 13.1 °Bx이고 최소 12.6 °Bx 에서 최대 14.3 °Bx 로 조사되었으며, 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’에서는 최소 11.4 °Bx에서 최대 15.0 °Bx로 나타났다(Table 2, Fig. 2E). 산 함량의 경우 ‘탐빛1호’의 평균 산 함량은 1.25%이고 최대 1.18%에서 최대 1.33%였으며 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’에서 최소 0.7%에서 최대 1.7%로 (Table 2, Fig. 2F)조사되었다.
선행연구에서 종자, 눈(bud), 접수, 캘러스, 원형질체 등 다양한 부위에 돌연변이를 유기하여 품종을 선발한 보고가 있다(Dutt et al. 2010, Gonzaga et al. 2011, Helaly & Hanan El-Hosieny 2011, Kumar et al. 2010). Chun (2020)은 토마토 종자에 감마선을 조사하여 자엽수가 다양하거나, 붉은색 잎, 녹색 배축(hypocotyl)을 가진 돌연변이를 보고하였으며, Im (2018)은 콩 4품종에 감마선을 조사하여 묘목의 출현율과 초장, 생체중 등 다양한 형태적인 변이를 보고하였다. 감귤 종자에 돌연변이를 유발할 경우 과실 특성 조사를 위해 유년성을 타파해야 하고, 캘러스에 돌연변이를 유발할 경우 감마선 처리 후 식물체 재분화까지 복잡한 조직배양 과정을 거쳐야 하기 때문에 많은 시간이 소요된다(Endo et al. 2005). 따라서 본 연구에서는 접수를 이용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 선행연구에서 만다린, 오렌지, 레몬 품종에 감마선을 처리하여 무핵과(seedlessness, 종자없음) 식물체를 선발한 사례가 있으며(Froneman et al. 1996, Goldenberg et al. 2014, Rattanpal et al. 2019, Spiegel-Roy et al. 1990, 2007), 오렌지 품종 ‘Kozan’ (Citrus sinensis)의 돌연변이 연구에서 과실당 평균 종자수가 본 연구 결과와 비슷한 양상으로 보고되었다(Cimen et al. 2021). ‘Kozan’은 과실당 종자수가 8~14개정도로 관찰되는데, 감마선이 처리된 ‘Kozan’ 경우 개체에 따라 과실당 평균 종자수는 0개에서 11개로 나타났고 그중 평균 종자수가 1개 이하인 2계통을 선발하였다. Bermejo et al. (2011, 2012)는 감마선에 의해 감귤 화분(pollen)의 발아력이 퇴화되어 종자수가 감소되었다고 보고하였다. 돌연변이 생성(mutagenesis)은 무핵과 이외에 다른 형질에도 영향을 미친다. 감마선이 과피구조에 영향을 미쳐 과피두께, 과피색, 과피질감(texture)의 다양한 변이가 발생되고(Donini 1982), 그 이외에도 과실 품질 기준인 과실크기, 과실무게와 성숙기(ripening period)와 관련 있는 당도, 산 함량에도 영향을 미쳐 다양한 변이가 발생하는 것으로 보고 되어있다(Cimen et al. 2021, Goldenberg et al. 2014, Vardi & Spiegel-Roy 1988). 본 연구에서 돌연변이의 과피⋅양낭피 경도, 과실무게, 당도, 산 함량의 측정결과 변이의 폭이 넓게 조사되었으며 선행연구의 사례와 유사한 양상으로 나타났다(Cimen et al. 2021, Goldenberg et al. 2014). 감귤의 무핵성은 품종 선발에 가장 우선이 되는 형질이다. 감마선 조사를 통해 무핵성으로 확인된 개체가 확보되면 과실특성을 고려하여 최종 선발 여부를 결정 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
감마선에 의한 가시길이 변이 양상
감마선 100 Gy로 처리된 ‘유자’ 53개체의 봄순 여름순의 가시길이를 조사하였다(Fig. 3). 무처리 ‘유자’ 봄순의 평균 가시길이는 2.6±0.4 cm 였고 범위는 최소 1.4 cm에서 최대 4.3 cm였으며, 무처리 여름순의 경우 평균 가시길이는 3.0±0.9 cm였고, 범위는 최소 1.3 cm에서 최대 6.0 cm였다. 감마선 조사된 ‘유자’ 의 봄순 가시길이 범위는 최소 0.1 cm에서 최대 5.2 cm였으며 가을순의 가시는 0.1 cm에서 최대 6.1 cm로 나타났다. 그중 봄순과 여름순의 가시길이가 모두 0.5 cm이하는 2개체인 것으로 조사되었다(Fig. 4).
감귤의 가시는 잎이나 과실에 상처를 주어 궤양병 같은 병원균 침입의 원인이 된다(Das 2003). 특히 유자는 다른 품종에 비해 가시가 길고 날카로워 농작업이 번거롭기 때문에 개선이 요구 된다(Yoshida et al. 1999). 돌연변이 유발원에 의한 가시길이 변이 양상을 조사한 연구는 거의 없으나, 레몬의 주심조직으로부터 유래된 캘러스에 감마선 조사하여 가시가 없는 레몬을 개발한 보고가 있다(Starrantino A et al. 1988). 이 결과를 통해 가시 형질이 개선된 감귤 품종 육성에 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
본 연구는 감마선 조사에 따른 감귤 품종별 생존율과 과실특성 및 가시형질에 발생하는 변이를 조사하였다. ‘유자’, ‘노을향’, ‘사라향’, ‘남감’(주심배), ‘영파금감’의 접수에 감마선을 0, 60, 80, 100 Gy로 처리한 뒤 접목하였고 6개월 뒤 묘목의 생존율을 조사하였다. 조사결과, ‘유자’와 ‘노을향’의 경우 100 Gy 처리 후 생존율이 각각 49.5%와 34.8%로 급격하게 감소하였고, ‘사라향’의 경우 80 Gy 처리 후 생존율이 51.6%로 급격하게 감소하였다. ‘남감’(주심배)는 감마선 선량에 따라 생존율이 통계적 유의미한 수준에서 점진적으로 감소하였고 영파금감은 60 Gy에서 27.6%, 80 Gy에서 23.2%, 100 Gy에서는 생존율이 0%로 시험 품종 중 생존율이 가장 낮았다. 결론적으로 감마선에 대한 감수성은 생존율을 통해 ‘영파금감’이 가장 높은 것으로 보이며, ‘노을향’, ‘사라향’, ‘남감’(주심배)는 중간정도 ‘유자’는 가장 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 감마선 100 Gy로 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’ 72개체 과실의 평균 종자수, 과피, 양낭피의 경도, 과중, 당도, 산 함량의 변이양상을 조사하였다. ‘탐빛1호’의 평균 종자수가 10.3개인 반면, 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’의 과실당 평균 종자수 범위는 최소 0개에서 최대 18.6개였으며 평균 종자수 1.0개 이하인 개체가 8개체(11.1%)로 나타났다. 과피 경도는 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’ 개체의 범위가 최소 12.3 N에서 최대 49.1 N인것으로 조사되었으며, 그중 41%가 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’ 과피경도의 최소치(23.3 N) 보다 과피경도(27.9 N)보다 낮았다. 양낭피 경도의 범위는 최소 1.8 N에서 최대 4.4 N으로 나타났고, 그중 2개체가 무처리의 양낭피 경도 최소치(2.9 N) 보다 낮았다. 과중은 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’에서 과중 범위는 최소 62.8 g에서 최대 292.7 g이었으며, 그중 44%의 개체가 무처리 ‘탐빛1호’의 과중 최소(176.9 g) 최대(231.7 g) 과중 범위를 벗어난 것으로 확인되었다. 당도는 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’에서는 최소 11.4 °Bx부터 최대 15.0 °Bx의 범위로 조사되었고 그중 33% 개체가 무처리의 평균 당도 이상을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 산 함량은 감마선 처리된 ‘탐빛1호’에서 최소 0.7%에서부터 최대 1.7%까지 나타났으며 전체의 55.5%가 무처리의 평균 산도 보다 낮게 유지하였다. 감마선 100 Gy로 처리된 ‘유자’ 봄순 여름순의 가시길이를 조사하였고, 53개체중 2개체의 봄순 여름순 가시길이가 0.5 cm 이하인 것으로 조사되었다. 감귤의 무핵성은 품종 선발에 가장 우선이 되는 형질이며, 가시특성은 농가 현장에서 개선 요구가 많은 형질이다. 감마선 조사를 통해 무핵성과 가시형질이 개선된 개체가 확보되면 과실 특성을 고려하여 품종 선발 여부를 결정할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원의 공동연구사업(RS-2020-RD009032)의 지원으로 수행되었습니다.
Fig. 1
Effect of gamma irradiation on survival rate in five citrus varieties.
kjbs-55-4-296-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
The effect of gamma ray on pomological trait of ‘Tambit1ho’. (A) Seeds per fruit (B) Hardness of rind and (C) Segment (endocarp) (D) Fruit weight (E) Total sugar and (F) acid contents. The red lines and box are indicated the ‘Tambit1ho’ unirradiated. The Black scale bars represented the minimum and maximum range of control.
kjbs-55-4-296-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
The effect of gamma ray on thorns length of ‘yuzu’. The red line is indicated the seedlings had the thorns length on spring and summer shoot less than 0.5 cm.
kjbs-55-4-296-f3.jpg
Fig. 4
The thorns of ‘Yuzu’ (A) The thorns ‘yuzu’ seedling by unirradiated and (B and C) gamma irradiated.
kjbs-55-4-296-f4.jpg
Table 1
Effect of gamma irradiation on survival rate in five citrus varieties.
Table 1
Cultivars Survival rate (%)
(No. of survivals/No. of irradiated plants)
0 Gy 60 Gy 80 Gy 100 Gy
Yuzu 98.0a (49/50) 98.4a (61/62) 93.4a (57/61) 58.9b (47/80)
MeiwaKumquat 94.0a (47/50) 27.6b (16/58) 23.2b (13/56) 0c (0/80)
Noeulhyang 96.0a (48/50) 88.7a (55/62) 86.2a (50/58) 30.9b (17/55)
Sarahyang 96.0a (48/50) 79.4a (50/63) 51.6b (32/62) 37.3b (22/59)
Namgam (nucellar) 94.0a (47/50) 64.1b (41/64) 46.8bc (29/62) 39.3c (24/61)

The superscripts mean significantly different according to Scheffe’s test (p<0.05).

Table 2
Characteristic of fruit derived from gamma-irradiated and un-irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’.
Table 2
Traits Gamma-irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’ Unirradiated
Mean±SD Minimum Maximum Mean±SD Minimum Maximum
Seeds per fruit 6.5±4.84 0 18.6 10.3±3.1 8 18
Rind hardness (N) 22.1±5.85 12.3 49.1 27.9±4.4 23.26 35.48
Segment hardness (N) 3.25±0.51 1.8 4.4 4.1±0.6 2.9 5.1
Fruit weight (g) 157.3±47.1 62.8 292.7 209.6±23.7 176.9 231.7
Sugar contents (Bx) 13.06±0.87 1.14 15.0 13.2±0.71 12.6 14.3
Acid contents (%) 1.13±0.21 0.7 1.7 1.08±0.44 1.15 1.33
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Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Survival, Fruit Characteristic, and Thorn Length in Different Varieties of Citrus
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(4):296-302.   Published online December 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.4.296
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Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Survival, Fruit Characteristic, and Thorn Length in Different Varieties of Citrus
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(4):296-302.   Published online December 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.4.296
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Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Survival, Fruit Characteristic, and Thorn Length in Different Varieties of Citrus
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Effect of gamma irradiation on survival rate in five citrus varieties.
Fig. 2 The effect of gamma ray on pomological trait of ‘Tambit1ho’. (A) Seeds per fruit (B) Hardness of rind and (C) Segment (endocarp) (D) Fruit weight (E) Total sugar and (F) acid contents. The red lines and box are indicated the ‘Tambit1ho’ unirradiated. The Black scale bars represented the minimum and maximum range of control.
Fig. 3 The effect of gamma ray on thorns length of ‘yuzu’. The red line is indicated the seedlings had the thorns length on spring and summer shoot less than 0.5 cm.
Fig. 4 The thorns of ‘Yuzu’ (A) The thorns ‘yuzu’ seedling by unirradiated and (B and C) gamma irradiated.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Survival, Fruit Characteristic, and Thorn Length in Different Varieties of Citrus

Effect of gamma irradiation on survival rate in five citrus varieties.

Cultivars Survival rate (%)
(No. of survivals/No. of irradiated plants)
0 Gy 60 Gy 80 Gy 100 Gy
Yuzu 98.0a (49/50) 98.4a (61/62) 93.4a (57/61) 58.9b (47/80)
MeiwaKumquat 94.0a (47/50) 27.6b (16/58) 23.2b (13/56) 0c (0/80)
Noeulhyang 96.0a (48/50) 88.7a (55/62) 86.2a (50/58) 30.9b (17/55)
Sarahyang 96.0a (48/50) 79.4a (50/63) 51.6b (32/62) 37.3b (22/59)
Namgam (nucellar) 94.0a (47/50) 64.1b (41/64) 46.8bc (29/62) 39.3c (24/61)

Characteristic of fruit derived from gamma-irradiated and un-irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’.

Traits Gamma-irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’ Unirradiated
Mean±SD Minimum Maximum Mean±SD Minimum Maximum
Seeds per fruit 6.5±4.84 0 18.6 10.3±3.1 8 18
Rind hardness (N) 22.1±5.85 12.3 49.1 27.9±4.4 23.26 35.48
Segment hardness (N) 3.25±0.51 1.8 4.4 4.1±0.6 2.9 5.1
Fruit weight (g) 157.3±47.1 62.8 292.7 209.6±23.7 176.9 231.7
Sugar contents (Bx) 13.06±0.87 1.14 15.0 13.2±0.71 12.6 14.3
Acid contents (%) 1.13±0.21 0.7 1.7 1.08±0.44 1.15 1.33
Table 1 Effect of gamma irradiation on survival rate in five citrus varieties.

The superscripts mean significantly different according to Scheffe’s test (p<0.05).

Table 2 Characteristic of fruit derived from gamma-irradiated and un-irradiated ‘Tambit1ho’.

Table 1

Table 2

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